Addition Reaction is what?

When you have two reactants and you add them to create one product.

Elimination Reaction is what?

When you have one reactant and it splits into two products.

What are substitiution reactions?

When two reactants exchange parts to give to two new products.

What are rearrangement reactions?

Based on when a single reactant undergoes a reorganization of bonds and atoms to yield an isomeric product.

What is a reaction mechanism?

A reaction mechanism describes the sequence of steps in a chemical transformation, detailing the order in which bonds are broken and formed, and the relative rates of each step.

What is involved in a chemical reaction?

Bond breaking and bond making

Heterolytic (polar)

Unsymmetrical cleavage; two bonding electrons stay with one product

What is a carbocation?

An electrophile; a species that accepts electrons from a nucleophile to stabilize it

What are polar reactions?

Processes that involve unsymmetrical bond-breaking and bond-making

What are Radical reactions?

Processes that involve symmetrical bond-breaking and bond-making

Radical

a neutral chemical species that has an odd number of electrons and has a single, unpaired electron in one of its orbitals.

How do polar reactions occur?

because of the electrical attraction between positively polarized and negatively polarized centers on functional groups

Polarizability?

the tendency of matter to acquire an electric dipole moment when exposed to an electric field

What are nucleophiles (electron rich)

Is nucleus loving and donates pair of electrons/bonds

What are electrophiles (electron poor)

Is electron loving and can form a bond by accepting pairs from nucleophile

What is a carbocation?

An electrophile; a species that accepts electrons from a nucleophile to stabilize it

Equillibrium Constatn formula

aA+bB⇌cC+dD

Keq=[C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b

What causes for a favorable equillibrium constant?

the energy of the products must be lower than the energy of the reactants; energy must be released.

What is Gibbs free-energy change (ΔG

energy change that occurs during a chemical reaction

Energy is lost?

Exergonic

Energy is absorbed?

Endergonic

enthalpy change (ΔH), also called the heat of reaction is what?

is a measure of the change in total bonding energy during a reaction.

The entropy change (ΔS) is what?

a measure of the change in the amount of molecular randomness, or freedom of motion, that accompanies a reaction.

What is bond strength, or bond dissociation energy

The amount of energy needed to break a given bond to produce two radical fragments when the molecule is in the gas phase at 25 °C

What releases heat

Making bonds in the product

What absorbs heat

Breaking bonds in the reactant

What is reaction coordinate

represents the progress of the reaction from beginning to end.

What is the maximum energy?

Transition state

What is the activation energy, ΔG ^‡

The energy difference between reactants and the transition state

A high activation energy results in?

in a slow reaction because few collisions occur with enough energy for the reactants to reach the transition state.

A low activation energy results in?

a rapid reaction because almost all collisions occur with enough energy for the reactants to reach the transition state.