What is an enantiomer?

A molecule that is not identical to its mirror image; a kind of stereoisomer

What is chiral?

A molecule that is not identical to its mirror image

What makes a structure not chiral?

A plane of symmetry

What is a plane of symmetry?

A Plane that cuts through the middle of a molecule (or any object) in a way that one half of the molecule or object is a mirror image of the other half.

What is achiral?

A molecule that has a plane of symmetry

What is the cause of chirality?

the presence of a tetrahedral carbon atom bonded to four different groups

Example of chirality center

Central carbon atom connected to four groups

What is it to be optically active?

When a beam of plane-polarized light passes through a solution of certain organic molecules, the plane of polarization is rotated by an angle.

Levoratory?

Left- counterclockwise (-)

Dextrorotatory?

Right- clockwise (+)

What is specific rotation formula?

Observed rotation

Pathlength

Concentration

Enantiomers aka (optical isomers) have what traits?

They have the same melting point and boiling point, but they differ in the direction in which their solutions rotate plane-polarized light.

What are sequence rules (Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules)?

Rank the four groups attached to the chirality center and then looks at the handedness with which those groups are attached.

What is a diasteromer?

stereoisomers that are not mirror images.

What is the difference between enantiomer and diasteromer?

• Enantiomers have opposite configurations at all chirality centers
• Diastereomers have opposite configurations at some (one or more) chirality centers but the same configuration at others.

What are epimers?

Two diastereomers differ at only one chirality center but are the same at all others

What is a racemic mixture?

A 50 : 50 mixture of the two chiral molecules or enantiomers.

Why racemates show no optical rotation?

the (+) rotation from one enantiomer exactly cancels the (−) rotation from the other.

Resolution

Is the separation of enantiomers through crystallization

Constitutional Isomers

Are compounds were the atoms are connected differently.

Stereoisomer

Compound where the atom is connected in the same order but different in space.

What is a subclass of diasteromers?

Cis and trans

What is a nitrogen tetrahedral?

Nitrogen with three covalent bonds and a lone pair that acts as a "fourth" substituent

What is a prochiral molecule

A molecule that interconverts from achiral to chiral

What can be prochiral?

planar, sp 2 -hybridized atoms, compounds with tetrahedral, sp 3 -hybridized atoms

Pro-R is?

the atom whose replacement leads to an R chirality center

What has different biological properties but identical physical properties?

Enantiomers

What is a chiral environment?

To be chemically distinctive