Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents?

XNXn and XNY

Q: Of the following human aneuploidies, which is the one that generally has the most severe impact on the health of the individual?

A: 47, trisomy 21

A couple has a child with down syndrome. The mother is 39 years old at the time of delivery, which of the following is the most probable cause of the childrens condition?

the mother likely underwent nondisjunction during gamete production

cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?

8%

the leading and lagging strands differ in that ____

the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction

what is it meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA

the 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the direction of the other strand

what is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication

it joins Okazaki fragments together

In the process of transcription ___

RNA is synthesized

Codons are part of the molecular structure of ___

mRNA

what does it mean when we say the genetic code is redundant ?

ore than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid

which of the following occurs in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes

concurrent transcription and translation

alternative RNA splicing

can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA

A primary transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is ___ the functional mRNA, while a primary transcript in a prokaryotic cell is ____ the functional mRNA

larger than , the same size as

which of the following types of mutation, resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the AUG start of translation, is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product

a deletion of two nucleotides

during a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks "the giraffe stretching its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result" which statement is likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception

characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes

which of these conditions are always tree of populations evolving due to natural selection?

Condition 1: the population must vary in traits that are heritable

condition 2: some heritable triast must increase reproductive success

condition 3: individuals pass on most traits they acquire during their lifetime.

conditions 1 and 2

which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

a genetic variation among individuals

if darwin had been aware of genes and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement?

if natural selection can change one gene frequency in a population over the course of generations, then given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones

which of the following evidence most strongely supports the common origin of all life on earth? all organisms ____

use essentially the same genetic code

*a DNA sequence is displayed and you use a codon chart thingy to help you find out which one sequences *

phe- smth - smth - smth

many crustaceans use their tails to swim. crabs don't use thier tail to swim. this is an example of ____

vestigal traits

what describes a mutuation where a single amino acid is deleted

a frame shift mutation

telomeres have been consered for a really long time. what does this indicate

they're useful

soon after the island of hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than one million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by ___

the founder effect

an earthquake decimates a ground squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If the broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground squirrel population experienced during the earthquake

genetic bottleneck

which of the following is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations

decreased genetic difference between the two populations

most swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. which of the following terms best describes this situation

stabilizing selection

why is the climate drier on the leeward side of mountain ranges that are subjected to prevailing winds?

pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation leaving only dry air to descend the leeward side.

the main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that

sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle

it became apparent to watson and crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following

sequence of bases

who puts the neurotransmitters into the synapse?

A. the presynaptic membrane

B. the cell body

the cell body

why did hershey and chase use radioactive phosphorus to tag the DNA

there is phosphorus in DNA and not in proteins

why does calico happen only in female cats

because men only have one x chromosome to tell them their hair color

what abiotic factor would _____productivity in the ocean

light avaliability

what surviorship curve do people in a developed country have?

type 1

what survivorship curve does a species have if regular amount dies each year

type 2

when your body is digesting organic carbohydrate or smth, what does your body do with the excess

liver stores it as glycogen

which graph shows a population of bacteria that you grew in optimal conditions for two hours

the exponential one

which one is a producer

the one with all the arrows pointing away

which one can only be a primary consumer

only has ONE arrow pointing to it

which is likely a decomposer?

the one with all the arrows pointing at it

graph with an S like curve.

Which graph represents the carrying capacity?

C

*two graphs describing the precipitation and temperature*

1st graph: same temperature year round, lots of rain beginning of the year, dies down in the summer lots in the december.

2nd graph: cold in beginning of year, hot in summer, cold in end of year, like no rain

using the two graphs above, which statement could be true

graph one is describing a tropical rainforest

a fish goes from a river to an estuary, what is going to happen?

the one with the word osmosis is the right answer

what would result in resource partintioning

animals with similar ecological niches

after an animal is taken out of a ecosystem the spices number goes from 15 to 8, what was thaht animal?

a keystone species

what describes a topdown model in a grassland ecosystem

the one with bisons grazing

after your (some organ) takes insulin out of your blood, what happens?

your liver catalyzes glycogen

what is true about axons

a myelinated axon will have energy travel down the axon faster than a non myelinated axon

sodium potassium pump

taekes sodium out and pumps potassium in

if you're lying on the couch relaxing, what systems are being activated?

sympathetic is turned off, parasympathetic is turned on

what is a threshold?

electrical impulse string enough to open the sodium channels

what part of the heart has the strongest push smh smh aorta?

left ventricle

why are capillaries such low pressure

A. the cross section area is smaller than veins

B. the left ventricle isn't as strong as the right ventricle

C. the diastole isn't strong enough to pump blood

D. there are valves that slow down blood

C??

a group of birds go to an island that's next to a neighboring larger island, they eventually adapt to the plants and things were there and their beas change shape, 1-2 new birds fly from the nighborhing island every where, what does this do/mean

a. Slows down their adaptation to the food there

b. Speeds up their adaptation to the food on the island

c. colonization

b?

which graph represents a hare population that was put in an environment that also includes predators

the one that is an s curve but its real curvy at the top

which is a characteristic of k selected populations

a) offspring with good chances of survival

piece of dna and it has restriction enzymes l and ll, which cuts it into pieces a,b,c. if you put the DNA in a gel electrophoresis thingy, what will it look like?

C close to negtive side, A and B would be close to the positive side (A is closest to positive side because its smallest)

something about a mating call

behavioral isolation

H trait and T trait are not linked, if a mom is HhTt, what can one of her gametes look like

HT

What is perisralsis

smooth muscle contractions

why do villi have so many folds

to increase surface are and absorb more nutrients

why do we chew food?

to increase the surface area of the molecules so that enzymes can attach more efficiently

black (B) dominant fur color to brown (b) which is recessive. short hair (T) dominant hair length to long (t) hair which is recessive. BBtt, BbTt, if you cross those two animals what percent will have black fur, long hair

1/2

tick and dogs relationship

+/-

tree and thingy that lives in tree and takes it's nutrietns, tree has no known benefits

parasitism of faciliation

why doesn't it work if you put a mammalian piece of DNA in bacteria

bacteria can't break the guanine caps off

the reason why different biomes show up in different altitudes iss analogous to

the latitude

what is trye about proto-oncogene

promotes cell growth

what is true about tumor suppressor genes

inhibits fast dividing cels or something like that

two species in different lands have really similar characteristics that were due to the environment they're in, what does this describe?

convergent evolution

turnips have three colors, red, white and purple. when a red and white is crossed all the babies are purple. what is this an example of?

A. Codominance

B. Incomplete dominance

C. Multiple Alleles

D. something else

C or D idk

roan, what combination will make one red, roan, one white

roan x roan

what is an example of polygenic inheritance

anything like ahir, skin color, height, multiple factors make up the trait

when oen gene affects multiple things

pleiotrophy

idk what the question was

allopatric speciation

which phase correlates with mendels law of segregation

anaphase 1

what describes the phase that correlates with mendel's law of independent assortment

when the tetrads line up/ --> answer should escribe metaphase 1

why is it called monohybrid and dihybrid

monohybrid: crosses one trait

dihybrid: crosses two traits

what is the genotype of 11-5 (think that was the number)

ww

for a science fair project, two students decided to repeat the hershey and chase experiemtn with modifications. they decided to label the nitrogen of the DNA, rather than the phosphate. They reasoned thate ach nucleotide has only one phosphate and two to five nitrogens. Thus labeling the nitrogens would provide a stronger signal than labeling the phosphates. why won't this experiment work?

d) Amino acids (and thus proteins) also have nitrogen atoms; thus the radioactivity would not distinguish between DNA and proteins

hershey and chase set out to determine what molecule served as the unit of inheritance. they completed a series of experiments in which e. coli was infected by a T2 virus. which molecular component of T2 virus actually ended up inside the cell?

DNA

which of the following helps(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?

d) single stranded DNA binding proteins

a new DNA strand elongates only in the 5' to 3' direction because ___

DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the free 3' end

DNA is synthesized through a process known as

semiconservative replication

researchers found e. coli that had mutation rates one hundred times higher than normal. which of the followings is the most likely cause these results

the proofreading mechanism of DNA polymerase was not working properly.

a single base subsitution mutuation is least likley to be deleterious whenthe base change results in

a codon that specifies the sane amino acid as the original codon

if cell X centers meiosis, and nondisjunction of one chromosome occurs in one of its daughter cells during meiosis 2, what will be the result of the completion of meiosis?

1/4 of the gametes descended from cell X will be n + 1 , 1/4 will be n-1, and 1/2 will be n