Hypophysiotropic hormones meaning?

List out the hormones and their function?

_The hypophysiotropic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary; they act as signals to the gland, causing it to secrete its hormones

*TRH: release TSH and prolactin
*GnRH: release LH and FSH
*CRH: release ACTH
*GHRH: release GH
*Somatostatin: inhibit GH and TSH
*Dopamine: inhibit prolactin

What are regulatory hormones? (from what gland?)

The three hypothalamic regulatory hormones are

_thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)

_luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (LH/FSH-RH)

_growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH)

Anterior pituitary hormones? (name, target gland, feedback hormone**?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) -> adrenal cortex
**cortisol

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -> thyroid gland
**T4/T3 negative feedback

Luteinizing hormone (LH) -> testicle (make testosterone); ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
**Androgens exert negative feedback GnRH, FSH, and LH

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ->testis, ovary
**inhibin, estradiol -> negative feedback: inhibit FSH and LH

Prolactin (PRL) -> breast
**Dopamine

Growth hormone (GH) -> multiple targets
**IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1)

Which ones are dimeric glycoprotein? Which ones are single peptide?

_glycoprotein: LH, FSH, TSH

_ACTH, GH, PRL: single peptide

GH stimulators?

_Sleep, exercise, stress; hypoglycemia

_Amino acid, sex steroids, alpha-agonist (NE), beta blocker (propranolol)

GH inhibitors?

_Glucose loading, stress, insulin deficiency, thyroxine deficiency

_alpha-blocker (phentolamine), beta-agonist (EPI)

Normal ranges of GH?

_GH: 0.01-1 (males), 0.01-3.5 (females)

First test for testing method for GH?

Describe the 75g glucose tolerance test for GH? (timeframes to measure, results for normal individuals, how about patients with acromegaly?

IGF-1 is the first test for assessing deficiency or excess growth during childhood

_30, 60, 90, 120 mins after glucose ingestion; undetectable in normal; GH fail to suppress (or elevated) in acromegaly patients

Gold standard for GH deficiency test?

other tests (more comfortable for patients)?

_insulin induced hypoglycemia

_infusion GHRH, L-arginine, oral levodopa

Results of GH excess or pituitary tumor? (think GH as insulin antagonist)

What happen when GH producing tumor before and after puberty?

GH excess has cosecretion with what other hormone?

_Symptoms: glucose intolerance, diabetes, HTN, muscle+bone weakness; hypermetabolic (sweating, heat intolerance)

_Before: gigantism

_After: acromegaly (bony, soft-tissue overgrowth)

_Cosecretion with PRL

Definitive test for GH excess?

_GH not suppressed with glucose loading

3 classes of agents for GH suppression?

_SS analog, dopaminergic agonist (both receptor binding and produce response), GH receptor antagonist (only binding receptor)

Symptoms of GH deficiency syndrome?

_withdrawal, fatigue, loss of motivation, osteoporosis

Treatment for GH deficient?

_GH replacement therapy, with recombinant human GH (expensive)

Difference between a tropic and a direct effector hormone?

Which type PRL belongs to?

_Direct hormones affect different target tissues and no single endocrine end organ (tropic hormones need to involve other endocrine glands)

_PRL is a direct effector hormone

Causes of hypopituitarism?

_Tumor (pituitary, parapituitary, hypothalamic)

_Trauma, infection, infarction, infiltrative disease

_Radiation therapy/surgery, immunologic

_Familial, idiopathic

Treatment of panhypopituitarism:

_Thyroxine, glucocorticoids, sex steroids

PRL inhibitor?

stimulator?

_Dopamine

_stimulator is TRH, estrogens

Cause of PRL excess?

Consequence of PRL excess?

_Tumor or trauma in pituitary stalk

_hypogonadism (suppression of GnRH or inhibit gonadotropin at the gonad) -> can cause osteoporosis

Most common type of functional pituitary tumor?

Symptoms?

_prolactinoma

_Female (amenorrhea, infertility, galactorrhea), men (headache, vision problems, ED)