What is not a correct example of the human’s “first line of defense” against pathogens?
a. Skin
b. Stomach acid
c. B cells
d. Mucosal membranes

b cells

What does the term “pathogenicity” refer to?
a. A relative term about the virulence or severity of disease a specific pathogen can cause.
b. The “port of entry” or specific route of infection to the host cell.
c. Whether we have an effective vaccine available against it the pathogen.
d. The specific characteristics of symptoms post infection

The “port of entry” or specific route of infection to the host cell

After getting scraped on your arm you begin to see inflammation at the wound site and your temperature is now above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. What functions do inflammation and fever have post injury/infection?
a. To inhibit growth of pathogen.
b. To target and destroy infected tissue.
c. To increase blood flow to infected tissue.
d. A and C

inhibit growth of pathogen and increase blood flow to infected tissue

What are the biological molecules that facilitate inflammation response in the human
body?
a. natural killer cells
b. macrophages
c. chemokines and cytokines
d. T and B lymphocytes

chemokines and cytokines

What is the name of the process by which white blood cells ingest and eliminate
bacteria?
a. endocytosis
b. apoptosis
c. cellular fission
d. phagocytosis

phagocytosis

What cell type can produce antibodies?
a. Macrophages
b. T lymphocytes
c. B lymphocytes
d. Neutrophils

B lymphocytes

What effect do antibodies have on pathogens in the human body?
a. Antibodies directly target and rupture the pathogen’s membrane.
b. Antibodies serve as markers on pathogen surfaces to be recognized and targeted for phagocytosis.
c. Antibodies penetrate pathogens and release enzymes that break down pathogens from the inside out

Antibodies serve as markers on pathogen surfaces to be recognized and targeted for phagocytosis

MHC II are present on
a. phagocytes.
b. all host cells.
c. antigen-presenting cells.
d. bacterial pathogens cell surface

antigen-presenting cells

The human immune system always has a high number of B cells activated so they can always make antibodies against the most common pathogens.
a. True
b. False

false

Which of the following would be a good protein to make a key component for a new vaccine?
a. A specific gene in the nucleic acid genome of the pathogen
b. An enzyme expressed only inside of the host cell
c. A protein that is present in only a few variants of the pathogen
d. A protein on the surface of the pathogen that is essential for binding to the host cell

A protein on the surface of the pathogen that is essential for binding to the host cell

The mRNA vaccine against Covid-19 delivers an mRNA molecule that turns into a specific viral protein with the help of body cells. The produced and excreted protein will then serve as antigen to trigger the immune system.
a. True
b. False

true

What mechanism does Tamiflu target so it helps treating an influenza infection?
a. Directly targets virion by tagging it for degradation of host immune cells.
b. Neuraminidase inhibitor prevents cleavage of salic acid preventing virion release.
c. Attachment to virion causes it to undergo apoptosis.
d. Attachment to virion receptor to prevent initial binding to host cell

Neuraminidase inhibitor prevents cleavage of salic acid preventing virion release

Acyclovir is a common antiviral to treat an acute infection of
a. Herpes viruses
b. HIV
c. Rabies
d. Influenza

herpes

Which of the following would be a good target for an antibiotic?
a. An enzyme that is necessary for viral replication.
b. A bacterial enzyme that is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis.
c. An enzyme involved in DNA replication found in yeast.
d. The energy-generating ATP synthase enzyme, which is highly similar in bacteria and humans

A bacterial enzyme that is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis.

How does penicillin work to eliminate bacterial pathogens?
a. Halt DNA replication to prevent cell growth.
b. Stop synthesis of peptidoglycan causing cell lysis.
c. Block RNA polymerase to prevent RNA synthesis.
d. Disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane of cells causing ion and macromolecule leakage

Stop synthesis of peptidoglycan causing cell lysis

Why are clinical laboratories typically categorized as BSL-2?
a. Clinical labs handle samples that can contain organisms that are able to infect healthy individuals.
b. Clinical labs handle samples that can contain organisms that do not cause disease in healthy individuals but do in immunocompromised individuals.
c. Clinical labs are categorized BSL-1 when they work with bacterial pathogens and BSL-2 when they work with viruses

Clinical labs handle samples that can contain organisms that are able to infect healthy individuals

What conditions must be met when collecting patients’ samples?
a. use of aseptic techniques to prevent exposure to additional organisms.
b. rapid sample processing to prevent degradation.
c. obtaining enough of the sample to conduct respective tests.
d. All of the above

all

Which of these body fluids is naturally sterile (free of any bacteria or viruses).
a. saliva
b. pus
c. blood
d. tears

blood

How do PCR-based methods work to detect a specific pathogen?
a. Scanning for the entire genome of target pathogen in patient sample.
b. Targeting and amplifying a gene that is specific to the target pathogen in a patient sample.
c. Causing the target pathogen to separate from the patient sample.
d. PCR-based methods do not work for pathogen detection

Targeting and amplifying a gene that is specific to the target pathogen in a patient sample

To prevent false negative test results, researchers are working on improving the _______ of a test.
a. sensitivity
b. specificity
c. quantity
d. titer

sensitivity

_______ refers to the number of new cases in a population during a given time period, while _______ refers to the total number of new and existing cases in a population during a given time period.
a. Prevalence, incidence
b. Incidence, prevalence

Incidence, prevalence

Which of the following is in the correct order in terms of incidences from highest to lowest global incidences?
a. Pandemic; endemic; epidemic
b. Endemic; pandemic; epidemic
c. Epidemic; pandemic; endemic
d. Pandemic; epidemic; endemic

Pandemic; epidemic; endemic

You are an epidemiologist who received a call about an outbreak happening in a town. One hundred people who all attended a graduation party are sick. There are no other cases reported outside of these 100 people. What is the most likely source of the outbreak?
a. Host-to-host
b. common source

common source

What does the term “herd immunity” refer to?
a. The natural immunity acquired from exposure to antigens in the environment.
b. The total number of predicted antibodies in a population during a pandemic.
c. The proportion of population that must be immune to a disease to protect all individuals in a population from infection

The proportion of population that must be immune to a disease to protect all individuals in a population from infection

A more virulent disease requires a/the _________ level of herd immunity as compared to a less virulent disease.
a. higher
b. lower
c. same

higher

The natural reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi, the causing agent of Lyme disease, is
a. ticks
b. deer
c. mice
d. dogs

mice

The Ebola virus causes ‘Ebola hemorrhagic fever’. The term ‘hemorrhagic’ describes one of the most indicative symptoms of the disease, which is
a. coughing.
b. vomiting.
c. bleeding.
d. facial palsy

bleeding

Ebola is an example of a disease with high morbidity but low mortality.
a. True
b. False

false

The cause of death for Cholera patients is most often
a. extreme dehydration.
b. spastic paralysis of the heart muscle.
c. toxic shock caused by superantigens.
d. internal bleeding

extreme dehydration

All of the following are part of the innate immune system, except
macrophages
dendritic cells
cytokines
neutrophils

T cells
interleukins

T cells

Which is an example of the acquisition of natural passive immunity?

a fetus protected from disease by antibodies in mothers breast milk
a person who received his or her yearly influenza vaccine
a person who caught the chickenpox
a person who received tetanus antiserum after stepping on a rusty nail

a fetus protected from disease by antibodies in mothers breast milk

The leukocytes of the innate immune system include macrophages and dendritic cells, which are mainly found in _________, and neutrophils that are mainly found in _________.

tissues / the blood stream
lymph nodes / tissues
blood stream / tissues

tissues/blood stream

What do all white blood cells (all leukocytes/immune cells) have in common?
They are all antigen-presenting cells.
They are all capable of phagocytosis of foreign particles.
They all posses hemoglobin.
They all originate from stem cells found in the bone marrow

They all originate from stem cells found in the bone marrow

β-lactamase provides resistance to penicillin by
altering the structure of penicillinase
cleaving the ring structure of penicillin.
pumping penicillin out of the bacterial cell.
No answer is correct.

cleaving the ring structure of penicillin.

Bacteremia is
the genus of bacteria that normally colonize the skin.
an antibiotic produced by fungi that is used clinically as a topical microbicide.

the circulation of bacteria in the bloodstream.

the circulation of bacteria in the bloodstream.

Which of these cell surface proteins interact with antigens during the adaptive immune response?

MHC proteins
immunoglobulins
T cell receptors
All answers are correct.

all

B cells get stimulated by
binding antigen via BCRs.
cytokines released by T helper cells.
Both answers are correct

both

The condition that results when bacteria enter the bloodstream and get distributed to distant parts of the body while not actively reproducing in the blood is called
bacteremia.
septicemia.
erythemia.
systemia.

bacteremia

Which cells are capable of phagocytosis and antigen-presentation?
B cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils
All named cell types.

all

Autolysin is
an enzyme produced by human immune cells.
needed for cell wall synthesis during growth.
located in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
All answers are correct

needed for cell wall synthesis during growth.

Which of the following diseases is readily prevented by routine vaccination of the general public in the U.S.?
smallpox
rabies
plague
tetanus

tetanus

IgG, IgM, and IgA are examples of ________ found in blood.
antibodies
antigens
bacteria
pathogens

antibodies

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding inflammation?
The indicative signs include reddening and warming of the body region.
Phagocytes are stimulated to secrete cytokines to attract and stimulate other immune cells.
The unspecific response only works against bacteria but not against viruses

The unspecific response only works against bacteria but not against viruses

The ability to make antibodies quickly after second exposure to an antigen stems from
plasma cells.
memory cells.
specificity.
tolerance.

memory cells

Pyrogens are special cytokines that indirectly cause the hypothalamus to
increase the temperature set point.
decrease the temperature set point.
keep the temperature set point the same

increase the temperature set point.

If a person was unable to produce natural killer cells, then that person
would be unable to produce any cytokines.
might be more susceptible to anemia, due to a loss of red blood cells.
might be less susceptible to bacterial infections.
might be more susceptible to viral infections and cancer

might be more susceptible to viral infections and cancer

For which of the following diseases is antibiotic treatment NOT available or effective?
Anthrax
Chickenpox
UTI
Chlamydia

chickenpox

A reservoir is a place, or an organism, where an infectious agent typically resides, where it multiplies.
True
False

true

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about disease reservoirs?
Insects are known vectors to transmit agents between hosts.
A reservoir is initially the source of infection in a population, but can then be transmitted in other ways between individuals of that population.
Reservoirs may be insects or the free environment, but are never mammals or birds.
Disease-control measures must consider the biological reservoir.

Reservoirs may be insects or the free environment, but are never mammals or birds.

Aseptic technique for obtaining clinical specimens is essential to ensure bacterial presence is due only to

contamination.
infection.
None of the answers is correct.
normal flora.

infection

A "bull's eye" rash on the skin is indicative of which infection?
bacteria of the genus Rickettsia causing typhus
endospore-forming Bacillus bacteria causing cutaneous anthrax
spirochete bacteria of the genus Borrelia causing Lyme disease
bacteria of the genus Rickettsia causing Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

spirochete bacteria of the genus Borrelia causing Lyme disease

Prevention against Lyme disease includes

getting vaccinated.
good rodent control.
heating food thoroughly through.
using insect repellent that contains DEET

using insect repellent that contains DEET

Heart disease is the leading cause of death world wide in the 21st century. However, up until the mid-twentieth century, when antibiotics were discovered and administered at large scale, the top three causes of death were all due to
low birth weight.
hunger or malnutrition.
infectious diseases.
war.

infectious disease

If left untreated, Lyme disease can lead to
arthritis.
heart damage.
neurological problems, like palsy and weakness.
All answers are correct.

all

The main habitat (reservoir) of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, is
soil.
food.
the human host.
sewage.
marine and fresh water.

soil

The only treatment against Ebola was approved in late 2020 by the FDA, and consists of

RNA replicase inhibitor antivirals.
monoclonal antibodies.
antibiotics.

monoclonal antibodies.

Which of the following laboratory facilities has the highest level of biosafety containment precautions, and is where extremely virulent and/or drug-resistant agents, such as Ebola and Marburg virus, must be studied?

BSL-1
BSL-3
BSL-2
BSL-4

BSL 4

Which of the following defense mechanisms is mismatched with its associated structure or body fluid?
high salinity, acidic pH, desiccation—skin
highly acidic pH—large intestine
lysozyme—tears and saliva
bile salts—stomach

highly acidic pH—large intestine

Which of the following may contribute to the spread of emerging diseases?
All of these can contribute to the spread.
enhanced human mobility
food-processing practices
blood transfusions

all

The natural reservoir of Vibrio cholerae is
insects.
fresh and salt water.
the human GI tract.
soil.

fresh and salt water

The main habitat (reservoir) of the rabies virus is
soil.
sewage.
marine and fresh water.
wild animals.
the human host.

wild animals

The current (seventh) Cholera pandemic started in South Asia in 1961, reached Africa in 1971 and the Americas in 1991.

True
False

true