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micro 4

front 1

What is not a correct example of the human’s “first line of defense” against pathogens?
a. Skin
b. Stomach acid
c. B cells
d. Mucosal membranes

back 1

b cells

front 2

What does the term “pathogenicity” refer to?
a. A relative term about the virulence or severity of disease a specific pathogen can cause.
b. The “port of entry” or specific route of infection to the host cell.
c. Whether we have an effective vaccine available against it the pathogen.
d. The specific characteristics of symptoms post infection

back 2

The “port of entry” or specific route of infection to the host cell

front 3

After getting scraped on your arm you begin to see inflammation at the wound site and your temperature is now above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. What functions do inflammation and fever have post injury/infection?
a. To inhibit growth of pathogen.
b. To target and destroy infected tissue.
c. To increase blood flow to infected tissue.
d. A and C

back 3

inhibit growth of pathogen and increase blood flow to infected tissue

front 4

What are the biological molecules that facilitate inflammation response in the human
body?
a. natural killer cells
b. macrophages
c. chemokines and cytokines
d. T and B lymphocytes

back 4

chemokines and cytokines

front 5

What is the name of the process by which white blood cells ingest and eliminate
bacteria?
a. endocytosis
b. apoptosis
c. cellular fission
d. phagocytosis

back 5

phagocytosis

front 6

What cell type can produce antibodies?
a. Macrophages
b. T lymphocytes
c. B lymphocytes
d. Neutrophils

back 6

B lymphocytes

front 7

What effect do antibodies have on pathogens in the human body?
a. Antibodies directly target and rupture the pathogen’s membrane.
b. Antibodies serve as markers on pathogen surfaces to be recognized and targeted for phagocytosis.
c. Antibodies penetrate pathogens and release enzymes that break down pathogens from the inside out

back 7

Antibodies serve as markers on pathogen surfaces to be recognized and targeted for phagocytosis

front 8

MHC II are present on
a. phagocytes.
b. all host cells.
c. antigen-presenting cells.
d. bacterial pathogens cell surface

back 8

antigen-presenting cells

front 9

The human immune system always has a high number of B cells activated so they can always make antibodies against the most common pathogens.
a. True
b. False

back 9

false

front 10

Which of the following would be a good protein to make a key component for a new vaccine?
a. A specific gene in the nucleic acid genome of the pathogen
b. An enzyme expressed only inside of the host cell
c. A protein that is present in only a few variants of the pathogen
d. A protein on the surface of the pathogen that is essential for binding to the host cell

back 10

A protein on the surface of the pathogen that is essential for binding to the host cell

front 11

The mRNA vaccine against Covid-19 delivers an mRNA molecule that turns into a specific viral protein with the help of body cells. The produced and excreted protein will then serve as antigen to trigger the immune system.
a. True
b. False

back 11

true

front 12

What mechanism does Tamiflu target so it helps treating an influenza infection?
a. Directly targets virion by tagging it for degradation of host immune cells.
b. Neuraminidase inhibitor prevents cleavage of salic acid preventing virion release.
c. Attachment to virion causes it to undergo apoptosis.
d. Attachment to virion receptor to prevent initial binding to host cell

back 12

Neuraminidase inhibitor prevents cleavage of salic acid preventing virion release

front 13

Acyclovir is a common antiviral to treat an acute infection of
a. Herpes viruses
b. HIV
c. Rabies
d. Influenza

back 13

herpes

front 14

Which of the following would be a good target for an antibiotic?
a. An enzyme that is necessary for viral replication.
b. A bacterial enzyme that is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis.
c. An enzyme involved in DNA replication found in yeast.
d. The energy-generating ATP synthase enzyme, which is highly similar in bacteria and humans

back 14

A bacterial enzyme that is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis.

front 15

How does penicillin work to eliminate bacterial pathogens?
a. Halt DNA replication to prevent cell growth.
b. Stop synthesis of peptidoglycan causing cell lysis.
c. Block RNA polymerase to prevent RNA synthesis.
d. Disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane of cells causing ion and macromolecule leakage

back 15

Stop synthesis of peptidoglycan causing cell lysis

front 16

Why are clinical laboratories typically categorized as BSL-2?
a. Clinical labs handle samples that can contain organisms that are able to infect healthy individuals.
b. Clinical labs handle samples that can contain organisms that do not cause disease in healthy individuals but do in immunocompromised individuals.
c. Clinical labs are categorized BSL-1 when they work with bacterial pathogens and BSL-2 when they work with viruses

back 16

Clinical labs handle samples that can contain organisms that are able to infect healthy individuals

front 17

What conditions must be met when collecting patients’ samples?
a. use of aseptic techniques to prevent exposure to additional organisms.
b. rapid sample processing to prevent degradation.
c. obtaining enough of the sample to conduct respective tests.
d. All of the above

back 17

all

front 18

Which of these body fluids is naturally sterile (free of any bacteria or viruses).
a. saliva
b. pus
c. blood
d. tears

back 18

blood

front 19

How do PCR-based methods work to detect a specific pathogen?
a. Scanning for the entire genome of target pathogen in patient sample.
b. Targeting and amplifying a gene that is specific to the target pathogen in a patient sample.
c. Causing the target pathogen to separate from the patient sample.
d. PCR-based methods do not work for pathogen detection

back 19

Targeting and amplifying a gene that is specific to the target pathogen in a patient sample

front 20

To prevent false negative test results, researchers are working on improving the _______ of a test.
a. sensitivity
b. specificity
c. quantity
d. titer

back 20

sensitivity

front 21

_______ refers to the number of new cases in a population during a given time period, while _______ refers to the total number of new and existing cases in a population during a given time period.
a. Prevalence, incidence
b. Incidence, prevalence

back 21

Incidence, prevalence

front 22

Which of the following is in the correct order in terms of incidences from highest to lowest global incidences?
a. Pandemic; endemic; epidemic
b. Endemic; pandemic; epidemic
c. Epidemic; pandemic; endemic
d. Pandemic; epidemic; endemic

back 22

Pandemic; epidemic; endemic

front 23

You are an epidemiologist who received a call about an outbreak happening in a town. One hundred people who all attended a graduation party are sick. There are no other cases reported outside of these 100 people. What is the most likely source of the outbreak?
a. Host-to-host
b. common source

back 23

common source

front 24

What does the term “herd immunity” refer to?
a. The natural immunity acquired from exposure to antigens in the environment.
b. The total number of predicted antibodies in a population during a pandemic.
c. The proportion of population that must be immune to a disease to protect all individuals in a population from infection

back 24

The proportion of population that must be immune to a disease to protect all individuals in a population from infection

front 25

A more virulent disease requires a/the _________ level of herd immunity as compared to a less virulent disease.
a. higher
b. lower
c. same

back 25

higher

front 26

The natural reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi, the causing agent of Lyme disease, is
a. ticks
b. deer
c. mice
d. dogs

back 26

mice

front 27

The Ebola virus causes ‘Ebola hemorrhagic fever’. The term ‘hemorrhagic’ describes one of the most indicative symptoms of the disease, which is
a. coughing.
b. vomiting.
c. bleeding.
d. facial palsy

back 27

bleeding

front 28

Ebola is an example of a disease with high morbidity but low mortality.
a. True
b. False

back 28

false

front 29

The cause of death for Cholera patients is most often
a. extreme dehydration.
b. spastic paralysis of the heart muscle.
c. toxic shock caused by superantigens.
d. internal bleeding

back 29

extreme dehydration

front 30

All of the following are part of the innate immune system, except
macrophages
dendritic cells
cytokines
neutrophils

T cells
interleukins

back 30

T cells

front 31

Which is an example of the acquisition of natural passive immunity?

a fetus protected from disease by antibodies in mothers breast milk
a person who received his or her yearly influenza vaccine
a person who caught the chickenpox
a person who received tetanus antiserum after stepping on a rusty nail

back 31

a fetus protected from disease by antibodies in mothers breast milk

front 32

The leukocytes of the innate immune system include macrophages and dendritic cells, which are mainly found in _________, and neutrophils that are mainly found in _________.

tissues / the blood stream
lymph nodes / tissues
blood stream / tissues

back 32

tissues/blood stream

front 33

What do all white blood cells (all leukocytes/immune cells) have in common?
They are all antigen-presenting cells.
They are all capable of phagocytosis of foreign particles.
They all posses hemoglobin.
They all originate from stem cells found in the bone marrow

back 33

They all originate from stem cells found in the bone marrow

front 34

β-lactamase provides resistance to penicillin by
altering the structure of penicillinase
cleaving the ring structure of penicillin.
pumping penicillin out of the bacterial cell.
No answer is correct.

back 34

cleaving the ring structure of penicillin.

front 35

Bacteremia is
the genus of bacteria that normally colonize the skin.
an antibiotic produced by fungi that is used clinically as a topical microbicide.

the circulation of bacteria in the bloodstream.

back 35

the circulation of bacteria in the bloodstream.

front 36

Which of these cell surface proteins interact with antigens during the adaptive immune response?

MHC proteins
immunoglobulins
T cell receptors
All answers are correct.

back 36

all

front 37

B cells get stimulated by
binding antigen via BCRs.
cytokines released by T helper cells.
Both answers are correct

back 37

both

front 38

The condition that results when bacteria enter the bloodstream and get distributed to distant parts of the body while not actively reproducing in the blood is called
bacteremia.
septicemia.
erythemia.
systemia.

back 38

bacteremia

front 39

Which cells are capable of phagocytosis and antigen-presentation?
B cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils
All named cell types.

back 39

all

front 40

Autolysin is
an enzyme produced by human immune cells.
needed for cell wall synthesis during growth.
located in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
All answers are correct

back 40

needed for cell wall synthesis during growth.

front 41

Which of the following diseases is readily prevented by routine vaccination of the general public in the U.S.?
smallpox
rabies
plague
tetanus

back 41

tetanus

front 42

IgG, IgM, and IgA are examples of ________ found in blood.
antibodies
antigens
bacteria
pathogens

back 42

antibodies

front 43

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding inflammation?
The indicative signs include reddening and warming of the body region.
Phagocytes are stimulated to secrete cytokines to attract and stimulate other immune cells.
The unspecific response only works against bacteria but not against viruses

back 43

The unspecific response only works against bacteria but not against viruses

front 44

The ability to make antibodies quickly after second exposure to an antigen stems from
plasma cells.
memory cells.
specificity.
tolerance.

back 44

memory cells

front 45

Pyrogens are special cytokines that indirectly cause the hypothalamus to
increase the temperature set point.
decrease the temperature set point.
keep the temperature set point the same

back 45

increase the temperature set point.

front 46

If a person was unable to produce natural killer cells, then that person
would be unable to produce any cytokines.
might be more susceptible to anemia, due to a loss of red blood cells.
might be less susceptible to bacterial infections.
might be more susceptible to viral infections and cancer

back 46

might be more susceptible to viral infections and cancer

front 47

For which of the following diseases is antibiotic treatment NOT available or effective?
Anthrax
Chickenpox
UTI
Chlamydia

back 47

chickenpox

front 48

A reservoir is a place, or an organism, where an infectious agent typically resides, where it multiplies.
True
False

back 48

true

front 49

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about disease reservoirs?
Insects are known vectors to transmit agents between hosts.
A reservoir is initially the source of infection in a population, but can then be transmitted in other ways between individuals of that population.
Reservoirs may be insects or the free environment, but are never mammals or birds.
Disease-control measures must consider the biological reservoir.

back 49

Reservoirs may be insects or the free environment, but are never mammals or birds.

front 50

Aseptic technique for obtaining clinical specimens is essential to ensure bacterial presence is due only to

contamination.
infection.
None of the answers is correct.
normal flora.

back 50

infection

front 51

A "bull's eye" rash on the skin is indicative of which infection?
bacteria of the genus Rickettsia causing typhus
endospore-forming Bacillus bacteria causing cutaneous anthrax
spirochete bacteria of the genus Borrelia causing Lyme disease
bacteria of the genus Rickettsia causing Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

back 51

spirochete bacteria of the genus Borrelia causing Lyme disease

front 52

Prevention against Lyme disease includes

getting vaccinated.
good rodent control.
heating food thoroughly through.
using insect repellent that contains DEET

back 52

using insect repellent that contains DEET

front 53

Heart disease is the leading cause of death world wide in the 21st century. However, up until the mid-twentieth century, when antibiotics were discovered and administered at large scale, the top three causes of death were all due to
low birth weight.
hunger or malnutrition.
infectious diseases.
war.

back 53

infectious disease

front 54

If left untreated, Lyme disease can lead to
arthritis.
heart damage.
neurological problems, like palsy and weakness.
All answers are correct.

back 54

all

front 55

The main habitat (reservoir) of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, is
soil.
food.
the human host.
sewage.
marine and fresh water.

back 55

soil

front 56

The only treatment against Ebola was approved in late 2020 by the FDA, and consists of

RNA replicase inhibitor antivirals.
monoclonal antibodies.
antibiotics.

back 56

monoclonal antibodies.

front 57

Which of the following laboratory facilities has the highest level of biosafety containment precautions, and is where extremely virulent and/or drug-resistant agents, such as Ebola and Marburg virus, must be studied?

BSL-1
BSL-3
BSL-2
BSL-4

back 57

BSL 4

front 58

Which of the following defense mechanisms is mismatched with its associated structure or body fluid?
high salinity, acidic pH, desiccation—skin
highly acidic pH—large intestine
lysozyme—tears and saliva
bile salts—stomach

back 58

highly acidic pH—large intestine

front 59

Which of the following may contribute to the spread of emerging diseases?
All of these can contribute to the spread.
enhanced human mobility
food-processing practices
blood transfusions

back 59

all

front 60

The natural reservoir of Vibrio cholerae is
insects.
fresh and salt water.
the human GI tract.
soil.

back 60

fresh and salt water

front 61

The main habitat (reservoir) of the rabies virus is
soil.
sewage.
marine and fresh water.
wild animals.
the human host.

back 61

wild animals

front 62

The current (seventh) Cholera pandemic started in South Asia in 1961, reached Africa in 1971 and the Americas in 1991.

True
False

back 62

true