front 1 What is not a correct example of the human’s “first line of defense”
against pathogens? | back 1 b cells |
front 2 What does the term “pathogenicity” refer to? | back 2 The “port of entry” or specific route of infection to the host cell |
front 3 After getting scraped on your arm you begin to see inflammation at
the wound site and your temperature is now above 100 degrees
Fahrenheit. What functions do inflammation and fever have post
injury/infection? | back 3 inhibit growth of pathogen and increase blood flow to infected tissue |
front 4 What are the biological molecules that facilitate inflammation
response in the human | back 4 chemokines and cytokines |
front 5 What is the name of the process by which white blood cells ingest and
eliminate | back 5 phagocytosis |
front 6 What cell type can produce antibodies? | back 6 B lymphocytes |
front 7 What effect do antibodies have on pathogens in the human
body? | back 7 Antibodies serve as markers on pathogen surfaces to be recognized and targeted for phagocytosis |
front 8 MHC II are present on | back 8 antigen-presenting cells |
front 9 The human immune system always has a high number of B cells activated
so they can always make antibodies against the most common
pathogens. | back 9 false |
front 10 Which of the following would be a good protein to make a key
component for a new vaccine? | back 10 A protein on the surface of the pathogen that is essential for binding to the host cell |
front 11 The mRNA vaccine against Covid-19 delivers an mRNA molecule that
turns into a specific viral protein with the help of body cells. The
produced and excreted protein will then serve as antigen to trigger
the immune system. | back 11 true |
front 12 What mechanism does Tamiflu target so it helps treating an influenza
infection? | back 12 Neuraminidase inhibitor prevents cleavage of salic acid preventing virion release |
front 13 Acyclovir is a common antiviral to treat an acute infection
of | back 13 herpes |
front 14 Which of the following would be a good target for an
antibiotic? | back 14 A bacterial enzyme that is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis. |
front 15 How does penicillin work to eliminate bacterial pathogens? | back 15 Stop synthesis of peptidoglycan causing cell lysis |
front 16 Why are clinical laboratories typically categorized as BSL-2? | back 16 Clinical labs handle samples that can contain organisms that are able to infect healthy individuals |
front 17 What conditions must be met when collecting patients’
samples? | back 17 all |
front 18 Which of these body fluids is naturally sterile (free of any bacteria
or viruses). | back 18 blood |
front 19 How do PCR-based methods work to detect a specific pathogen? | back 19 Targeting and amplifying a gene that is specific to the target pathogen in a patient sample |
front 20 To prevent false negative test results, researchers are working on
improving the _______ of a test. | back 20 sensitivity |
front 21 _______ refers to the number of new cases in a population during a
given time period, while _______ refers to the total number of new and
existing cases in a population during a given time period. | back 21 Incidence, prevalence |
front 22 Which of the following is in the correct order in terms of incidences
from highest to lowest global incidences? | back 22 Pandemic; epidemic; endemic |
front 23 You are an epidemiologist who received a call about an outbreak
happening in a town. One hundred people who all attended a graduation
party are sick. There are no other cases reported outside of these 100
people. What is the most likely source of the outbreak? | back 23 common source |
front 24 What does the term “herd immunity” refer to? | back 24 The proportion of population that must be immune to a disease to protect all individuals in a population from infection |
front 25 A more virulent disease requires a/the _________ level of herd
immunity as compared to a less virulent disease. | back 25 higher |
front 26 The natural reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi, the causing agent of
Lyme disease, is | back 26 mice |
front 27 The Ebola virus causes ‘Ebola hemorrhagic fever’. The term
‘hemorrhagic’ describes one of the most indicative symptoms of the
disease, which is | back 27 bleeding |
front 28 Ebola is an example of a disease with high morbidity but low
mortality. | back 28 false |
front 29 The cause of death for Cholera patients is most often | back 29 extreme dehydration |
front 30 All of the following are part of the innate immune system,
except T cells | back 30 T cells |
front 31 Which is an example of the acquisition of natural passive immunity? a fetus protected from disease by antibodies in mothers breast milk
| back 31 a fetus protected from disease by antibodies in mothers breast milk |
front 32 The leukocytes of the innate immune system include macrophages and dendritic cells, which are mainly found in _________, and neutrophils that are mainly found in _________. tissues / the blood stream | back 32 tissues/blood stream |
front 33 What do all white blood cells (all leukocytes/immune cells) have in
common? | back 33 They all originate from stem cells found in the bone marrow |
front 34 β-lactamase provides resistance to penicillin by | back 34 cleaving the ring structure of penicillin. |
front 35 Bacteremia is the circulation of bacteria in the bloodstream. | back 35 the circulation of bacteria in the bloodstream. |
front 36 Which of these cell surface proteins interact with antigens during the adaptive immune response? MHC proteins | back 36 all |
front 37 B cells get stimulated by | back 37 both |
front 38 The condition that results when bacteria enter the bloodstream and
get distributed to distant parts of the body while not actively
reproducing in the blood is called | back 38 bacteremia |
front 39 Which cells are capable of phagocytosis and
antigen-presentation? | back 39 all |
front 40 Autolysin is | back 40 needed for cell wall synthesis during growth. |
front 41 Which of the following diseases is readily prevented by routine
vaccination of the general public in the U.S.? | back 41 tetanus |
front 42 IgG, IgM, and IgA are examples of ________ found in
blood. | back 42 antibodies |
front 43 Which of the following is NOT correct regarding inflammation? | back 43 The unspecific response only works against bacteria but not against viruses |
front 44 The ability to make antibodies quickly after second exposure to an
antigen stems from | back 44 memory cells |
front 45 Pyrogens are special cytokines that indirectly cause the hypothalamus
to | back 45 increase the temperature set point. |
front 46 If a person was unable to produce natural killer cells, then that
person | back 46 might be more susceptible to viral infections and cancer |
front 47 For which of the following diseases is antibiotic treatment NOT
available or effective? | back 47 chickenpox |
front 48 A reservoir is a place, or an organism, where an infectious agent
typically resides, where it multiplies. | back 48 true |
front 49 Which of the following statements is NOT correct about disease
reservoirs? | back 49 Reservoirs may be insects or the free environment, but are never mammals or birds. |
front 50 Aseptic technique for obtaining clinical specimens is essential to ensure bacterial presence is due only to contamination. | back 50 infection |
front 51 A "bull's eye" rash on the skin is indicative of which
infection? | back 51 spirochete bacteria of the genus Borrelia causing Lyme disease |
front 52 Prevention against Lyme disease includes getting vaccinated. | back 52 using insect repellent that contains DEET |
front 53 Heart disease is the leading cause of death world wide in the 21st
century. However, up until the mid-twentieth century, when antibiotics
were discovered and administered at large scale, the top three causes
of death were all due to | back 53 infectious disease |
front 54 If left untreated, Lyme disease can lead to | back 54 all |
front 55 The main habitat (reservoir) of Clostridium tetani, the causative
agent of tetanus, is | back 55 soil |
front 56 The only treatment against Ebola was approved in late 2020 by the FDA, and consists of RNA replicase inhibitor antivirals. | back 56 monoclonal antibodies. |
front 57 Which of the following laboratory facilities has the highest level of biosafety containment precautions, and is where extremely virulent and/or drug-resistant agents, such as Ebola and Marburg virus, must be studied? BSL-1 | back 57 BSL 4 |
front 58 Which of the following defense mechanisms is mismatched with its
associated structure or body fluid? | back 58 highly acidic pH—large intestine |
front 59 Which of the following may contribute to the spread of emerging
diseases? | back 59 all |
front 60 The natural reservoir of Vibrio cholerae is | back 60 fresh and salt water |
front 61 The main habitat (reservoir) of the rabies virus is | back 61 wild animals |
front 62 The current (seventh) Cholera pandemic started in South Asia in 1961, reached Africa in 1971 and the Americas in 1991. True | back 62 true |