Which of the following are survival needs of the body?

nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.

Palms turned posteriorly

The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________.

Lining the thoracic cavity

Which of these is not part of the ventral cavity?

Vertebral cavity

Glucose is a ________.

Monosaccharide

Starch is a ________.

Polysaccharide

Sucrose is a ________.

Disaccharide

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.

the smooth ER

The hyoid bone is unique because

it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone.

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

Which vertebra does not have a body?

atlas

Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________.

costal facets

There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.T/F?

True

Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?

maxillae

An example of an interosseus fibrous joint is ________.

the radius and ulna along its length

In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.

hyaline cartilage

What are menisci (articular discs)?

wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity

The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.

feet

Which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint?

tendon sheath

Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly.T/F?

True

Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.T/F?

True

Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________.

secretion

What is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue?

the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy to move the body

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Rigor mortis occurs because ________.

no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules

During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?

actin filaments

What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle called?

a sarcomere

After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?

acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh

Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.

storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP

The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________.

myoglobin

Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?

smooth

Which of the following is true about smooth muscle?

Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.

Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________.

there are more thick filaments than thin filaments

What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called?

an agonist (prime mover)

When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you about the muscle?

The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the ________.

mastoid process of the temporal bone

Which of the following describes the suprahyoid muscles?

They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity.

Which of the following muscles is involved in producing horizontal wrinkles in the forehead?

the frontal belly of the epicranius

Which of the following is not a member of the hamstrings?

gracilis

A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling. What is this muscle called?

buccinator

________ is a powerful forearm extensor.

Triceps brachii

The quadriceps femoris is composed of three "vastus" muscles and the ________.

rectus femoris

The deltoid is a prime mover of the arm that acts in adduction.T/F?

False

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________.

ependymal cells

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

oligodendrocytes

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

found in the retina of the eye

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________.

negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

the myelin sheath

Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone?

endorphin

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

acetylcholine

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

frontal from parietal

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

loss of fine motor control

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.T/F?

False

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

reticular formation

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and pia

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

red blood cells

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.

upper motor neurons

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.

afferent nerves

Bell's palsy is ________.

characterized by paralysis of facial muscles

Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

vestibulocochlear

Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?

olfactory

Dermatome maps are useful to clinicians because ________.

they can help pinpoint the location of spinal injury

Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order):

roots, trunks, divisions, and cords

A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________.

femoral

The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves?

common fibular and tibial

Autonomic ganglia contain ________.

the cell bodies of motor neurons

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________.

sympathetic

The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.

parasympathetic

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerves ________.

X (vagus)

The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision.

oculomotor (III)

The sympathetic division innervates more organs than the parasympathetic division.T/F?

True

Drugs called beta-blockers ________.

decrease heart rate and blood pressure

The mushroom poison muscarine can bind to receptors on ________.

all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers

The effect of beta-blocker drugs (block beta-receptors) is to decrease blood pressure.T/F?

True

Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

dilation of the pupils

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.

NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?

regulation of body temperature

Parasympathetic functions include ________.

lens accommodation for close vision

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.

hypothalamus

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.

gross