Which of the following are survival needs of the body?
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.
Palms turned posteriorly
The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________.
Lining the thoracic cavity
Which of these is not part of the ventral cavity?
Vertebral cavity
Glucose is a ________.
Monosaccharide
Starch is a ________.
Polysaccharide
Sucrose is a ________.
Disaccharide
In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.
the smooth ER
The hyoid bone is unique because
it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone.
What is the major function of the axial skeleton?
provide central support for the body and protect internal organs
Which vertebra does not have a body?
atlas
Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________.
costal facets
There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.T/F?
True
Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?
maxillae
An example of an interosseus fibrous joint is ________.
the radius and ulna along its length
In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.
hyaline cartilage
What are menisci (articular discs)?
wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.
feet
Which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint?
tendon sheath
Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly.T/F?
True
Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.T/F?
True
Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________.
secretion
What is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue?
the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy to move the body
What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Rigor mortis occurs because ________.
no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?
actin filaments
What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle called?
a sarcomere
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.
storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________.
myoglobin
Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?
smooth
Which of the following is true about smooth muscle?
Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.
Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________.
there are more thick filaments than thin filaments
What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called?
an agonist (prime mover)
When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you about the muscle?
The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the ________.
mastoid process of the temporal bone
Which of the following describes the suprahyoid muscles?
They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity.
Which of the following muscles is involved in producing horizontal wrinkles in the forehead?
the frontal belly of the epicranius
Which of the following is not a member of the hamstrings?
gracilis
A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling. What is this muscle called?
buccinator
________ is a powerful forearm extensor.
Triceps brachii
The quadriceps femoris is composed of three "vastus" muscles and the ________.
rectus femoris
The deltoid is a prime mover of the arm that acts in adduction.T/F?
False
The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
brain and spinal cord
These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________.
ependymal cells
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.
oligodendrocytes
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
found in the retina of the eye
The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________.
negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell
Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.
the myelin sheath
Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone?
endorphin
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
acetylcholine
The central sulcus separates which lobes?
frontal from parietal
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.
lateral sulcus
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.
loss of fine motor control
Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.T/F?
False
The brain stem consists of the ________.
midbrain, medulla, and pons
Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
medulla oblongata
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.
reticular formation
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
arachnoid and pia
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.
metabolic waste such as urea
Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
red blood cells
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.
upper motor neurons
Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.
afferent nerves
Bell's palsy is ________.
characterized by paralysis of facial muscles
Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?
vestibulocochlear
Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?
olfactory
Dermatome maps are useful to clinicians because ________.
they can help pinpoint the location of spinal injury
Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order):
roots, trunks, divisions, and cords
A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________.
femoral
The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves?
common fibular and tibial
Autonomic ganglia contain ________.
the cell bodies of motor neurons
Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________.
sympathetic
The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.
parasympathetic
Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerves ________.
X (vagus)
The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision.
oculomotor (III)
The sympathetic division innervates more organs than the parasympathetic division.T/F?
True
Drugs called beta-blockers ________.
decrease heart rate and blood pressure
The mushroom poison muscarine can bind to receptors on ________.
all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
The effect of beta-blocker drugs (block beta-receptors) is to decrease blood pressure.T/F?
True
Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation?
dilation of the pupils
Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.
NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?
regulation of body temperature
Parasympathetic functions include ________.
lens accommodation for close vision
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.
hypothalamus
The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.
gross