Fusion of egg and sperm initiates what within the egg?

Cortical Reaction

What is polyspermy?

It induces multipolar spindle assemblies and disrupts mitotic division. The fertilization envelope acts as a slow block to polyspermy which is deadly. Fast block is electrical barrier depolarization. NO FAST BLOCK in mammals

What is capacitation?

Spermatazion maturation

Holoblastic vs Meroblastic cleavage:

(Holoblastic) complete division of the egg, little yolk, examples: sea urchins, frogs, and annelids. (Meroblastic) incomplete division of egg, lots of yoke, examples: birds, fish, insects

3 Germ Layers

• Ectoderm outer
• Endoderm digestive tract
• Mesoderm fills space between other 2

Totipotent:

All types of cells including placenta

Pluripotent:

All BUT placenta

Multipotent:

more limited, adult stem cells/cord blood cells

Saltatory Conduction

action potential in myelinated axons jump between nodes of Ranvier

Oligodendrocytes

myelin sheaths made by gila, insulating sheath on nerve fibers

What is the botulinum toxin:

causes botulism, reduces the synaptic release of acetylcholine (muscle paralysis)

5 Groups of Neurotransmitters:

acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides, and gases (Nitric Oxide)

Known to function in the CNS:

Glutamate (excitatory), Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, operates at most inhibitory synapses in the brain), Glycine (inhibitory)

What are Neurons?

Nerve cells that transfer information within the body

3 STAGES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM PROCESSES

• Sensory (input/reception)
• Integration (integrating center)
• Moter output (effectors vis motor neurons)

Central Nervous System CNS:

where integration takes place; includes brain and nerve cord

Peripheral Nervous System PNS:

carries information in and out of CNS

Synapse:

Junction between an axon and another cell

Cone shaped base of an axon is called:

axon hillock

Membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals:

Resting Potential

During Resting Potential:

K⁺ is highest inside cell, Na⁺ is highest outside cell

What is the body’s automatic response to a stimulus:

reflex

What animals DO NOT have a central nervous system?

Animals that have radial symmetry example: sea sponges

Gray Matter:

unmyelinated

What functions to cushion the brain and spinal cord as well as provide nutrients and remove wastes:

Cerebrospinal fluid

White Matter:

myelinated

2 Components of PNS:

motor system signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary, autonomic nervous system regulates smooth and cardiac muscles involuntary

Sympathetic division:

fight or flight

Enteric division:

digestive tract, pancreas, gallbladder

Parasympathetic division:

rest and digest

Medulla oblongata:

respiration and circulation (breathing, heart rate, blood vessel, digestion, sneezing, swallowing)

Hypothalamus:

links nervous system to endocrine system via the pituitary gland (parenting, hunger, thirst, sleep)

Brainstem:

diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formation (amount and information that affects alertness, melatonin)

Functional regions of the cerebral cortex:

Frontal Lobe: speech, movement, emotions

Parietal Lobe: sensory input from skin, skeletal muscles, understanding speech

Occipital Lobe: seeing, perception of visual stimuli

Temporal Lobe: hearing, perception, auditory stimuli

Neural Plasticity:

ability of nervous system to be modified after birth

DISORDERS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Schizophrenia, depression (Fluoxetine), drug addiction, Alzheimer’s (destroy myelin sheath), Parkinson’s (death of dopamine-secreting neurons)

Brain reward center:

nucleus accumbens

Sexual reproduction:

creation of offspring by fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

Asexual reproduction:

creation of offspring without fusion of egg and sperm

What is fission:

separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size.

What is Parthenogenesis:

development of new individual from an unfertilized egg, examples: bees, whiptail lizards, Komodo dragon, hammerhead sharks

Ovulation:

release of mature eggs at midpoint of a female cycle

What is hermaphroditism:

one individual has a male and female reproductive system

Oogenesis:

the process in which an oocyte develops into an ovum once a month, development of a mature egg

Spermatogenesis:

development of sperm

Parkinson’s:

muscle tremors even at rest, flexed posture, slowness of movement, a shuffling gait/posture instability

What is the amygdala?

structure most important for storage of emotion in the memory

Define Menopause:

cessation of ovulation and menstruation