front 1 Fusion of egg and sperm initiates what within the egg? | back 1 Cortical Reaction |
front 2 What is polyspermy? | back 2 It induces multipolar spindle assemblies and disrupts mitotic division. The fertilization envelope acts as a slow block to polyspermy which is deadly. Fast block is electrical barrier depolarization. NO FAST BLOCK in mammals |
front 3 What is capacitation? | back 3 Spermatazion maturation |
front 4 Holoblastic vs Meroblastic cleavage: | back 4 (Holoblastic) complete division of the egg, little yolk, examples: sea urchins, frogs, and annelids. (Meroblastic) incomplete division of egg, lots of yoke, examples: birds, fish, insects |
front 5 3 Germ Layers | back 5
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front 6 Totipotent: | back 6 All types of cells including placenta |
front 7 Pluripotent: | back 7 All BUT placenta |
front 8 Multipotent: | back 8 more limited, adult stem cells/cord blood cells |
front 9 Saltatory Conduction | back 9 action potential in myelinated axons jump between nodes of Ranvier |
front 10 Oligodendrocytes | back 10 myelin sheaths made by gila, insulating sheath on nerve fibers |
front 11 What is the botulinum toxin: | back 11 causes botulism, reduces the synaptic release of acetylcholine (muscle paralysis) |
front 12 5 Groups of Neurotransmitters: | back 12 acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides, and gases (Nitric Oxide) |
front 13 Known to function in the CNS: | back 13 Glutamate (excitatory), Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, operates at most inhibitory synapses in the brain), Glycine (inhibitory) |
front 14 What are Neurons? | back 14 Nerve cells that transfer information within the body |
front 15 3 STAGES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM PROCESSES | back 15
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front 16 Central Nervous System CNS: | back 16 where integration takes place; includes brain and nerve cord |
front 17 Peripheral Nervous System PNS: | back 17 carries information in and out of CNS |
front 18 Synapse: | back 18 Junction between an axon and another cell |
front 19 Cone shaped base of an axon is called: | back 19 axon hillock |
front 20 Membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals: | back 20 Resting Potential |
front 21 During Resting Potential: | back 21 K+ is highest inside cell, Na+ is highest outside cell |
front 22 What is the body’s automatic response to a stimulus: | back 22 reflex |
front 23 What animals DO NOT have a central nervous system? | back 23 Animals that have radial symmetry example: sea sponges |
front 24 Gray Matter: | back 24 unmyelinated |
front 25 What functions to cushion the brain and spinal cord as well as provide nutrients and remove wastes: | back 25 Cerebrospinal fluid |
front 26 White Matter: | back 26 myelinated |
front 27 2 Components of PNS: | back 27 motor system signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary, autonomic nervous system regulates smooth and cardiac muscles involuntary |
front 28 Sympathetic division: | back 28 fight or flight |
front 29 Enteric division: | back 29 digestive tract, pancreas, gallbladder |
front 30 Parasympathetic division: | back 30 rest and digest |
front 31 Medulla oblongata: | back 31 respiration and circulation (breathing, heart rate, blood vessel, digestion, sneezing, swallowing) |
front 32 Hypothalamus: | back 32 links nervous system to endocrine system via the pituitary gland (parenting, hunger, thirst, sleep) |
front 33 Brainstem: | back 33 diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formation (amount and information that affects alertness, melatonin) |
front 34 Functional regions of the cerebral cortex: | back 34 Frontal Lobe: speech, movement, emotions Parietal Lobe: sensory input from skin, skeletal muscles, understanding speech Occipital Lobe: seeing, perception of visual stimuli Temporal Lobe: hearing, perception, auditory stimuli |
front 35 Neural Plasticity: | back 35 ability of nervous system to be modified after birth |
front 36 DISORDERS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM: | back 36 Schizophrenia, depression (Fluoxetine), drug addiction, Alzheimer’s (destroy myelin sheath), Parkinson’s (death of dopamine-secreting neurons) |
front 37 Brain reward center: | back 37 nucleus accumbens |
front 38 Sexual reproduction: | back 38 creation of offspring by fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote |
front 39 Asexual reproduction: | back 39 creation of offspring without fusion of egg and sperm |
front 40 What is fission: | back 40 separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size. |
front 41 What is Parthenogenesis: | back 41 development of new individual from an unfertilized egg, examples: bees, whiptail lizards, Komodo dragon, hammerhead sharks |
front 42 Ovulation: | back 42 release of mature eggs at midpoint of a female cycle |
front 43 What is hermaphroditism: | back 43 one individual has a male and female reproductive system |
front 44 Oogenesis: | back 44 the process in which an oocyte develops into an ovum once a month, development of a mature egg |
front 45 Spermatogenesis: | back 45 development of sperm |
front 46 Parkinson’s: | back 46 muscle tremors even at rest, flexed posture, slowness of movement, a shuffling gait/posture instability |
front 47 What is the amygdala? | back 47 structure most important for storage of emotion in the memory |
front 48 Define Menopause: | back 48 cessation of ovulation and menstruation |