Which of the following was not true of the changing nature of work in the 1950s?
a. science and technology drove economic growth.
b. there were fewer jobs in the military-related aerospace industry.
c. white collar workers were surpassing blue collar workers in numbers.
d. labor unions reached a peak and then began to decline.
e. job opportunities were opening to women in the white collar work force.

B

Richard Nixon was selected as Dwight Eisenhower's vice-presidential running mate in 1952 as a concession to the
a. isolationists.
b. liberal Republicans.
c. hard-line anticommunists.
d. moderate Republicans.
e. southern Republicans

C

During the 1952 presidential campaign, Republican candidate Dwight Eisenhower declared that he would __________ to help to end the Korean War.
a. use atomic weapons
b. blockade the China coast and bomb Manchuria
c. open negotiations with Mao Zedong
d. order United Nations troops to invade North Korea
e. personally go to Korea

E

In terms of politics, television did all of the following except
a. threaten the traditional role of political parties.
b. apply the standards of show business and commercialism to political messages.
c. enable political parties to continue their role of educating and mobilizing the electorate.
d. allow lone-wolf politicians to address voters directly.
e. encourage reliance on short slogans and sound bites.

C

Dwight Eisenhower's greatest asset as president was his
a. vast military experience.
b. willingness to take a partisan stand.
c. commitment to social justice.
d. willingness to involve himself in rough campaigning.
e. enjoyment of the affection and respect of the American people

E

Among anticommunists, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy was the
a. most effective.
b. first Republican.
c. only true World War II hero.
d. one who most damaged free speech and fair play.
e. one who organized a national movement.

D

The record would seem to indicate that President Eisenhower=s strongest commitment during his presidency was to
a. social justice.
b. social harmony.
c. party loyalty.
d. racial desegregation.
e. political reform.

B

In response to Senator Joseph McCarthy's anticommunist attacks, President Eisenhower
a. publicly denounced him only after he attacked General George Marshall.
b. quietly encouraged him to continue his attacks on Democrats.
c. publicly opposed his ruthless tactics but privately enjoyed his personal charm.
d. allowed him to control personnel policy at the State Department.
e. privately supported him but publicly kept his distance.

D

Senator Joseph McCarthy first rose to national prominence by
a. revealing that Communist spies were passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.
b. charging that there was extensive Communist influence in Hollywood and the media.
c. asserting that General George Marshall was part of a vast Communist conspiracy within the
U.S. Army.
d. mobilizing Republicans to demand a stronger anticommunist foreign policy in East Asia.
e. charging that dozens of known Communists were working within the U.S. State Department.

E

As a result of Senator McCarthy=s crusade against communist subversion in America,
a. the FBI was shown to have had several spies working as communist agents.
b. the United States Army was forced to give dishonorable discharges to more than one
hundred officers.
c. the State Department lost a number of Asian specialists who might have counseled a wiser
course in Vietnam.
d. Eisenhower nearly lost the Republican presidential nomination in 1956.
e. the U.S. achieved a stronger settlement in Korea.

C

Senator McCarthy's anticommunist crusade ended when he
a. began to attack the personal integrity of his critics.
response to Senator Joseph McCarthy's anticommunist attacks, President Eisenhower
b. alleged that there were communists in Hollywood.
c. alleged that there were communists in the Foreign Service.
d. alleged that many college professors were communists.
e. alleged that there were communists in the army.

E

The new militancy and restlessness among many members of the African American community after 1945 was especially generated by
a. he growing moral criticism of segregation by white church leaders.
b. the gap between American ideals and racial practices revealed by World War II.
c. the appointment of Thurgood Marshall, chief legal counsel of the NAACP, to the Supreme Court.
d. Dwight Eisenhower's commitment to civil rights. e. the agitation of A. Philip Randolph.

B

In an effort to overturn Jim Crow laws and the segregated system that they had created, African Americans used all of the following methods except
a. economic boycotts.
b. legal attacks on underpinnings of segregation in the courts.
c. appeals to foreign governments to pressure the United States to establish racial justice.
d. mobilization of black churches on behalf of black rights.
e. use of the nonviolent tactics of Mohandas Gandhi.

C

Which one of the following is least related to the other three?
a. nonviolent direct action.
b. Martin Luther King, Jr.
c. Rosa Parks
d. Montgomery bus boycott
e. Orval Faubus

E

The Supreme Court began to advance the cause of civil rights in the 1950s because
a. the Court was the only branch of government with the Constitutional authority to do so.
b. the courts were dominated by New Deal liberals.
c. President Eisenhower had requested the Court=s assistance.
d. Congress and the presidency had largely abdicated their responsibilities by keeping hands off
the issue.
e. the Constitution clearly prohibited any segregation.

D

In the epochal 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court unconstitutional.
a. declared that the concept of separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites was
b. upheld its earlier decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.
c. rejected desegregation.
d. supported the Declaration of Constitutional Principles issued by Congress.
e. ordered immediate and total integration of all American schools.

A

The 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racially segregated school systems Ainherently unequal was
a. Roe v. Wade.
b. Plessy v. Ferguson.
c. Sweatt v. Painter.
d. Johnson v. Little Rock School District.
e. Brown v. Board of Education.

E

On the subject of racial justice, President Eisenhower
a. had demanded the integration of the armed forces as early as 1948.
b. publicly endorsed the 1954 Supreme Court school desegregation decision.
c. vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
d. had advised against integrating the armed forces.
e. admired the Christian philosophy of Martin Luther King.

D

President Dwight Eisenhower's attitude toward racial justice can best be described as
a. not inclined toward promoting integration.
b. very supportive of racial integration.
c. endorsing the concept of using laws to compel people to change their opinions and actions.
d. supporting racial justice over social harmony.
e. strictly adhering to the philosophy of states= rights.

A

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was an outgrowth of the
a. antiwar movement of the 1960s.
b. black power movement of the 1960s.
c. ban-the-bomb movement of the 1950s.
d. Civil Rights Act of 1957.
e. A sit-in movement launched by young southern blacks.

E

As president, Dwight Eisenhower supported
a. putting the brakes on military spending.
b. the abolition of the Social Security system.
c. the dismissal of his secretary of health, education, and welfare for condemning free
distribution on the Salk polio vaccine as Asocialized medicine.
d. the continuation of the Tennessee Valley Authority.
e. a stronger voice for organized labor.

A

President Eisenhower defined the domestic philosophy of his administration as
a. the Fair Deal.
b. the silent majority.
c. dynamic conservatism.
the subject of racial justice, President Eisenhower
d. two cars in every garage.
e. compassionate conservatism.

C

Dwight Eisenhower's policies toward Native Americans included
a. efforts at tribal preservation.
b. the establishment of tribes as legal entities.
c. incentives for tribes to hold onto their land.
d. a return to the assimilation goals of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887.
e. an emphasis on education and job training for Indians.

D

The Eisenhower-promoted public works project that was far larger and more expensive than anything in Roosevelt's New Deal was
a. the interstate highway system
b. the Grand Coulee dam project.
c. the St. Lawrence seaway.
d. the airport construction program.
e. the public housing system.

A

During his presidency, Dwight Eisenhower accepted the principle and extended the benefits of
a. federal health care programs.
b. the Tennessee Valley Authority.
c. deficit spending.
d. racial equality.
e. the Social Security system.

E

As a part of his New Look foreign policy, President Eisenhower
a. sought an alliance with China.
b. refused to talk with leaders of the Soviet Union.
c. called for open skies over both the United States and the Soviet Union.
d. sent help to the Hungarian freedom fighters.
e. allied with Israel against the Arab states.

C

As the French fortress of Dienbienphu was about to fall to Ho Chi Minhs communist forces in 1954, President Eisenhower
a. agreed to send small military units to aid the French.
b. relied on the advice of Vice President Nixon and Secretary of State Dulles.
c. sought a compromise settlement at Geneva.
d. refused to permit any American military involvement.
e. threatened nuclear attack on the Vietnamese communists.

D

President Eisenhower's New Look foreign policy in the 1950s planned for
a. the dismantling of the military-industrial complex.
b. massive new military spending.
c. greater reliance on air power and the deterrent power of nuclear weapons than on the army
and navy.
d. a buildup of unconventional and guerrilla-warfare forces.
e. the rapid deployment of the navy and marines to trouble spots.

C

In 1956, when Hungary revolted against continued domination by the Soviet Union, the United States under Dwight Eisenhower
a. sent money to the rebels.
b. quickly recognized the new Hungarian government.
c. refused to admit any Hungarian refugees.
d. gave only outdated military equipment to the Hungarian freedom fighters.
e. did nothing to help to defeat the communists.

E

The leader of the nationalist movement in Vietnam since World War was
a. Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung).
b. Ngo Dinh Diem.
c. Dienbienphu.
d. Ho Chi Minh.
e. Nguyen Cao Ky.

D

The 1955 Geneva Conference
a. unified the two Vietnams.
b. made Ngo Dinh Diem president of Vietnam.
c. called for the two Vietnams to hold national elections within two years. d. created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
e. established a permanent division of Vietnam.

C

In response to a supposed Soviet threat to Middle Eastern oil, the American Central Intelligence Agency in 1953
a. began seeking alternative sources of energy.
b. staged a coup to overthrow the Iranian government and install Shah Mohammed Reza
Pahlevi as dictator.
c. engaged in sabotage against pro-Soviet governments in the region.
d. developed close cooperation with Israeli intelligence agencies.
e. gathered conclusive evidence of the Soviets= plans to control Egypt.

B

In 1956 the United States condemned ___________ as the aggressors in the Suez Canal crisis.
a. Egypt and Jordan
b. the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact members
c. Israel and Turkey
d. Lebanon and Syria
e. Britain and France

E

During the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency engineered pro-American political coups in both
a. Iran and Guatemala.
b. Iraq and Nicaragua.
c. Lebanon and El Salvador.
d. Libya and Costa Rica.
e. Egypt and Cuba.

A

The Suez crisis marked the last time in history that the United States could
a. use the threat of nuclear war to win concessions.
b. criticize Israel's foreign policy.
c. condemn its allies for their actions in the Middle East.
d. invoke the Eisenhower Doctrine.
e. use its oil weapon to make foreign policy demands.

E

he 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to nations of __________ that wanted help to resist communist aggression.
a. Southeast Asia
b. Africa
c. Central and Eastern Europe
d. the Middle East
e. Latin America

D

During his second term, President Eisenhower
a. no longer trusted his vice president, Richard Nixon, to lend assistance.
b. hoped that doing so would enable him to win a third term.
c. took a more active personal role in governing.
d. believed that the civil rights movement needed his personal involvement if it were to
succeed.
e. recognized that only he had the experience to deal with the Soviets.

C

In response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957,
a. Harry Truman condemned the Republicans for allowing a scientific gap to occur.
b. the federal government began spending millions of dollars to improve American science and
language education.
c. the United States spent nearly a decade trying to equal this achievement.
d. the Republican party took responsibility for the fact that the United States had fallen behind
the Soviets in this area of scientific discovery.
e. scientists blamed Americas slowness on poor math and science education in the schools.

B

Which of the following is least related to the other four?
a. the launching of Sputnik
b. Landrum-Griffith Act
c. National Defense Education Act
d. rocket fever
e. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

B

The Paris summit conference scheduled for 1960 collapsed because of the
a. Suez crisis.
b. Bay of Pigs.
c. Quemoy episode.
response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957,
d. launching of Sputnik.
e. U-2 incident.

E

By the end of the 1950s, Latin American anger toward the United States had intensified because Washington had done all of the following except
a. extend massive aid to Europe and little to Latin America.
b. continue to intervene in Latin American affairs.
c. support bloody dictators who claimed to be fighting communism.
d. provide encouragement to Fidel Castro=s communist government in Cuba.
e. the CIA-directed coup in Guatemala.

D

The factor that may well have tipped the electoral scales for John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960 was
a. his age.
b. his religion.
c. his televised debates with Richard M. Nixon.
d. President Eisenhower's heavy loss of popularity in his last two years in office.
e. his family

C

When Dwight Eisenhower left the presidency in 1961,
a. it was noted that his second term had produced little of value, since he was a Alame duck.@
b. Congress was firmly in the hands of the Republicans.
c. he was unhappy with Vice President Nixon=s unbending anticommunism.
d. he had clearly lost control of the Democratic-dominated Congress.
e. he remained an extraordinarily popular figure.

E

Two postwar American fiction writers who explored the problems and anxieties of affluence were
a. John Updike and John Cheever
b. Joseph Heller and Kurt Vonnegut.
c. Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller.
d. Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin.
e. Eudora Welty and Flannery O'Connor.

D

The title of Ralph Ellison's novel Invisible Man refers to
a. an anticommunist agent who is forced to live underground.
b. a World War II bomber pilot who is ignored upon his return home.
c. a victim of nuclear testing who is dying of radiation.
d. a father who is disrespected by his family.
e. an African American whose supposed supporters are unable to see him as a real man.

E

Compared to World War I, the literary outpouring from World War II can be best described as
a. much more realistic.
b. lower in quality.
c. more simplistic in nature.
d. less realistic.
e. more disillusioned.

D

Many of the better known American poets in the post-World War II era
a. actually produced second-rate verse.
b. consisted mainly of those who wrote before the war.
c. ended their lives through suicide.
d. left the country to live in Paris.
e. turned to nature for subject matter.

C