Exam 3
In which section of the nephron is bicarbonate primarily synthesized and absorbed?
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following roles does carbonic anhydrase serve in the proximal convoluted tubule (select all that apply).
Conversion of carbonic acid into a proton and bicarbonate
Conversion of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide
Conversion of a proton and bicarbonate into carbonic acid
Conversion of water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid
Conversion of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide
Conversion of carbonic acid into a proton and bicarbonate .25/.5
Conversion of carbonic acid into a proton and bicarbonate
Conversion of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide
if thats not right
Conversion of water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid
Conversion of a proton and bicarbonate into carbonic acid
The kidney is only innervated by autonomic neurons associated with the sympathetic system.
True
False
True
What is the best explanation for why we describe certain processes within the nephron as counter current?
Because fluid flow is only in 1 direction and the anatomical "U" shape produces flow in both a descending and ascending direction.
Because fluid flow is only in 1 direction and the anatomical "S" shape produces flow in both medial and lateral directions.
Because fluid flow is in 2 in directions and the anatomical "W" shape produces flow in multiple opposing directions.
None of these responses are correct.
Because fluid flow is only in 1 direction and the anatomical "U" shape produces flow in both a descending and ascending direction.
Constriction of the __________ decreases hydrostatic pressure in __________.
efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles; Bowman's capsule
renal vein; peritubular capillaries
afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
What is the function of perirenal fat?
It acts as an anchor, adhering the kidneys to the posterior abdominal wall
It serves as the primary energy reserves for gluconeogenesis
It acts as a cushion/insulator for protection
It serves as the primary fuel source for ATP production for nephron function
it acts as a cushion/insulator for protection
In which section of the nephron is no water reabsorbed?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Descending limb of the nephron loop
ascending limb of the nephron loop
As it enters the proximal convoluted tubule, the filtrate is ____________________.
Hyperosmotic
Hypoosmotic
Isosmotic
Isosmotic
Which equation is equal to the net glomerular filtration pressure?
GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in Bowman's capsule
GFP = osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma - hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule
GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma
GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule + osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma
GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma
GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma
Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination.
stimulated
inhibited
inhibited
Which of the following is classified as the countercurrent exchanger within the kidney?
Movement of plasma first down the descending (arteriole) side of the vasa recta where water may leave and ions enter, followed by the movement up the ascending (venule) side where water may enter and ions leave.
Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla.
Movement of filtrate through the twists and turns of the convoluted tubules providing contact with the microvilli which multiply the absorption and secretion activities of the simple cuboidal epithelium.
Movement of filtrate through the collecting duct where almost all of the water is absorbed and the concentration of the urine is multiplicatively increased.
Movement of plasma first down the descending (arteriole) side of the vasa recta where water may leave and ions enter, followed by the movement up the ascending (venule) side where water may enter and ions leave.
If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________.
you would suffer severe dehydration
you would lose vitamins and electrolytes
you would develop systemic edema
you would retain excess Na+
you would suffer severe dehydration
As it enters the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the filtrate is ____________________.
Isosmotic
Hyposmotic
Hyperosmotic
Not isosmotic
Which of the following is least likely to be filtered into Bowman's capsule in a normal, healthy person?
Sodium
Urea
Glucose
Bicarbonate ion
Plasma protein
plasma proteins
Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone?
Aldosterone decreases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the proximal tubule.
Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine?
Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable
The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.
increase in
zero
decrease in
equalization of
increase in
When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration.
relax
contract
contract
What effect do you expect angiotensinogen to have on glomerular filtration?
No effect on glomerular filtration rate
Decrease glomerular filtration rate
Increase glomerular filtration rate
NOT: decrease filtration rate
NOT: increase glomerular filtration rate
Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________.
absorption
secretion
filtration
filtration, absorption, and secretion
filtration, absorption, and secretion
Only substances that are filtered by the kidneys can be excreted by them.
True
False
False
What is the term for the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation?
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
Vital capacity
Type II alveolar cells are among the last cells to mature during fetal development. In babies born prematurely, type II alveolar cells are often not ready to perform their function.
Which of the following would be TRUE of these babies?
They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
None of these would occur.
They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
Net uptake of carbon dioxide from the air and removal of oxygen from the blood
Trapping of blood clots
Phonation (vocalization)
Defense against microbes
Regulation of blood H + concentration
Net uptake of carbon dioxide from the air and removal of oxygen from the blood
Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct?
The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration.
All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration.
After prolonged exertion in a hot climate, baroreceptors would __________ firing, leading to __________ secretion of __________ and thus __________ renal reabsorption of __________.
increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na +
decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
increase; increased; renin; increased; Na +
decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________.
the ascending loop of Henle
the proximal convoluted tubule
the collecting ducts
the distal convoluted tubule
the collecting ducts
In which of the following cells would you expect to find class 2 MHC proteins?
All nucleated cells
B cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Complete the sentence:
__________________ results in a ________________ of both GFR and renal blood flow.
Vascular spasm ; increase
Vasoconstriction ; increase
Vasodilation ; increase
Vasodilation ; decrease
Vasodilation ; increase
Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone?
Aldosterone decreases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the proximal tubule.
Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.
Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
In which histological layer of the ureter would you expect to find the smooth muscle layers responsible for peristalsis?
Tunica adventitia
Tunica mucosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica submucosa
Tunica muscularis
Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?
C-shaped cartilage
smooth muscle fibers
cilia
all of the above
all of the above
Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron.
collecting ducts
proximal convoluted tubule
descending loop of Henle
ascending loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following epithelia is most commonly encountered in the respiratory zone?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
PSCC
NOT PSCC
NOT stratified squamous epithelium
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?
It diffuses into the alveoli.
The gradient is too small for carbon dioxide to diffuse.
It diffuses into the blood.
It decomposes into carbon and oxygen.
It diffuses into the alveoli.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the structure of the respiratory membrane:
By sharing a fused basal laminae, type 2 alveolar cells and capillary endothelium reduce the distance required for diffusion of gases.
The respiratory membrane increases resistance to air flow which allows the lungs to inflate during the negative pressure phase of inspiration.
By sharing a fused basal laminae, type 1 alveolar cells and capillary endothelium reduce the distance required for diffusion of gases.
The respiratory membrane decreases resistance to air flow which allows the lungs to inflate during the negative pressure phase of inspiration.
NOT: By sharing a fused basal laminae, type 2 alveolar cells and capillary endothelium reduce the distance required for diffusion of gases.
NOT: The respiratory membrane decreases resistance to air flow which allows the lungs to inflate during the negative pressure phase of inspiration.
Which of the following is not true for B cells and T cells?
Both produce antibodies
Both undergo selection for immunocompetence
Both originate in the bone marrow
Both undergo selection for self tolerance
Both produce antibodies
In which of the following structures would you expect to find the numerous microvilli?
Nephron Loop
Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is __________ as it enters Bowman's space, __________ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, __________ at the tip of the loop, and __________ at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule.
isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for coordinating the adaptive immune response?
Dendritic cells
T cells
Natural killer cells
B cells
T cells
Which of the following tissues would you expect to find in the tunica muscularis?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Smooth muscle
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
smooth muscle
Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?
surface tension
production of pulmonary surfactant
pulmonary ventilation
resistance
pulmonary ventilation
Which of the following factors does NOT affect pulmonary ventilation?
Lung elasticity
Airway resistance
Blood pressure
Lung compliance
Blood pressure
Renin is released in response to ________.
ACE
increased blood pressure
decreased blood pressure
diuretics
decreased blood pressure
What is the function of the vasa recta?
To preserve the medullary gradient by removing the interstitial fluid produced due to the countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loop.
To dilute the the medullary gradient by removing excess ions pumped from the lumen of the ascending limb of the nephron loop.
To regulate the state of the medullary gradient by regulating filtrate formation through paracrine signaling targeting the glomerulus.
To establish the medullary gradient by delivering ions to the interstitial fluid of the medulla.
To preserve the medullary gradient by removing the interstitial fluid produced due to the countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loop.
Which of the following tissues would you expect to find lining the ureters?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Smooth muscle
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium
Which type of T cell is primarily involved in killing infected cells?
Plasma cells
Helper T cells
Memory T cells
Regulatory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic cells
Which of the following forces resist glomerular filtration in a healthy individual?
Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule
Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus
Oncotic pressure within the glomerulus
Oncotic pressure within the glomerular capsule
Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule
Oncotic pressure within the glomerulus
In which region of the kidney would you expect to find fully formed and concentrated urine?
Renal Columns
Renal Pelvis
Medulla
Cortex
Renal Pelvis
Which of the following is not a secretion of the kidney?
Erythropoietin
Calcidiol
Calcitriol
Renin
Calcidiol
Which of the following is responsible for the regulation of respiratory rate and depth?
Cerebral Cortex
Medulla oblongata
Carotid bodies
Hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata
In which region of the kidney would you expect to find most nephrons?
Renal Columns
Medulla
Renal Pelvis
Cortex
Cortex
The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________.
negative pressure
transpulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure
pulmonary pressure
transpulmonary pressure
Which portion of the nephron is responsible for filtering blood?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Nephron Loop
Glomerular Capsule
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Glomerulus
glomerulus
Which function(s) of the respiratory system do type 1 alveolar cells contribute towards?
Protection of respiratory surfaces
Vocalization
Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces
Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces
exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces
Which of the following tissues would you expect to find lining the urinary bladder?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Smooth muscle
Stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium
NOT: stratified squamous epithelium
NOT: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Systemic blood pressure must stay above 60 so that the proper amount of filtration occurs.
false
true
false
You are a scientist at a drug company where your CEO has asked for your team to create a drug that will inhibit spontaneous emptying of the bladder (incontinence). Which of the following drugs would be effective?
A drug that blocks the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle
A drug that inhibits the effects of somatic neurons on the bladder
A drug that inhibits the action of sympathetic neurons on the external urethral sphincter
A drug that inhibits the effects of sympathetic neurons on the internal urethral sphincter
A drug that enhances the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle
A drug that blocks the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle
What is the best description of a myogenic mechanism as it applies to regulation of renal blood flow?
Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the afferent arteriole will relax when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume.
Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the efferent arteriole will relax when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume.
Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the efferent arteriole will contract when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume.
Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the afferent arteriole will contract when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume.
NOT: Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the efferent arteriole will contract when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume.
Which function(s) of the respiratory system do the paranasal sinuses contribute towards? .375/.5
Protection of respiratory surfaces
Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces
Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces
Regulation of blood properties
Protection of respiratory surfaces
Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces
Water and NaCl reabsorbed from the loop of Henle directly reenter which blood vessels?
Collecting ducts
Afferent arterioles
Cortical peritubular capillaries
Efferent arterioles
Vasa recta
Vasa recta
Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for recognizing and killing virus-infected cells without prior exposure?
Cytotoxic T cells
Natural Killer cells
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Natural Killer cells
Which of the following muscles are contracted during the inspiration phase of quiet breathing?
Diaphragm
Erector spinae
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Diaphragm
external intercostals
Which class of antibody is found in mucus?
IgA
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
In which of the following cells would you expect to find class 1 MHC proteins? .125/.5
Macrophages
B cells
Dendritic cells
All nucleated cells
all nucleated cells
Which of the following pressures do you expect to be negative with respect to atmospheric pressure?
Intrapleural pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
Partial pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure.
low; high
low; low
high; high
high; low
high low
In tubuloglomerular feedback, what structure produces the paracrine signals for modification of filtration rate?
Juxtaglomerular cells
Macula densa
Podocytes
Principal cells within the collecting duct
NOT: juxtaglomerular cells
Which of the following statements regarding Ca2+ homeostasis is TRUE?
Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca 2+.
In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca 2+ levels would be abnormally low resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.
When plasma Ca 2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.
Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ absorption from the GI tract.
Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.
Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.
Under normal circumstances, which of the following would result from an increase in transpulmonary pressure?
Emphysema
Exhalation/expiration
Pneumothorax
Inhalation/inspiration
A collapsed lung
inhalation/inspiration
The kidney is an organ with dual innervation of the autonomic nervous system.
True
False
False
Which of the following pressures do you expect to equalize with atmospheric pressure?
Intrapulmonary pressure
Partial pressure
Intrapleural pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
Which type of B cell is responsible for the production of antibodies during the secondary adaptive immune response?
Plasma cells
Naive cells
Memory cells
Regulatory B cells
Memory cells
The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is __________ plus the amount that is __________ minus the amount that is __________.
filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
Which type of leukocyte is responsible for the production of antibodies?
Basophils
T cells
B cells
Natural killer cells
Neutrophils
B cells
What is the name for the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule
Nasal conchae
Nasal meati
Roof
vestibule
Which of these is a vasoconstrictor?
angiotensin II
bradykinin
nitric oxide
natriuretic hormone
angiotensin II
Which type of B cell is responsible for the production of antibodies during the primary adaptive immune response?
Memory cells
Plasma cells
Regulatory B cells
Naive cells
plasma cells
What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole?
arcuate and medullary
interlobar and interlobular
peritubular and medullary
peritubular and vasa recta
peritubular and vasa recta
Which of the following cartilages forms the laryngeal prominence?
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
Which of the following is the pressure term for pressure within the alveoli?
Transpulmonary pressure
Partial pressure
Intrapleural pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
The color of urine is determined mainly by ________.
diet
byproducts of red blood cell breakdown
filtration rate
filtration efficiency
byproducts of red blood cell breakdown
Complete the sentence:
As it enters the distal convoluted tubule, the filtrate is ____________________.
Hyposmotic
Isosmotic
Hyperosmotic
NOT: isosmotic
Most of the reabsorption of filtered calcium is unregulated and occurs in the__________, but an additional amount can be reabsorbed in the __________, depending on the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone.
distal convoluted tubule; proximal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule; descending loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule; medullary collecting ducts
proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule; renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted tubule
Which type of T cell is responsible for remembering past infections and providing long-term immunity?
Memory T cells
Regulatory T cells
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells
Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree?
alveoli
bronchi
respiratory bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
alveoli
If Oxygen makes up ~20% of the total volume of atmospheric air, which of the following numbers is closest to the expected partial pressure?
600 mm Hg
30 mm Hg
160 mm Hg
20 mm Hg
160 mm Hg
Which correctly describes the composition of the glomerular filtrate?
It is identical to urine, but has a much smaller flow rate.
It is identical to urine, but has a much larger flow rate.
It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain glucose.
It is identical to blood plasma, except it lacks red blood cells.
It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain plasma proteins.
It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain plasma proteins.
Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct.
false
true
false
What effect do you expect angiotensin II to have on glomerular filtration?
Decrease glomerular filtration rate
Increase glomerular filtration rate
No effect on glomerular filtration rate
NOT: increase glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following structures contributes most to the preservation of the medullary gradient?
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Vasa recta
Vasa recta
Which type of T cell is involved in activating B cells to produce antibodies?
Regulatory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Memory T cells
Helper T cells
Which of the following transport processes are common to both countercurrent systems within the kidney?
Active transport
Osmosis
Pinocytosis
Diffusion
Osmosis
Diffusion
During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true?
Lung volume decreases.
Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
The diaphragm relaxes.
Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
What is the reason that you have to be immunized with a new influenza vaccine each year?
macrophage oxidative metabolism
mutation
memory response
the vaccine is only protective for a year
Mutation
Which of the following regions would you expect to be lined with stratified squamous epithelium?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larynx
Nasal cavity
Oropharynx
The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
nasal cavity
oral cavity
oral cavity
Which of the following best describes the movement of gases due to partial pressure?
Gases will move from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure as an active transport process
Gases will move from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure as a passive transport process
Gases will move from areas of low partial pressure to high partial pressure as an active transport process
Gases will move from areas of low partial pressure to high partial pressure as a passive transport process
Gases will move from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure as a passive transport process
Which of the following is the pressure term for pressure within the pleural cavity?
Transpulmonary pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
Intrapleural pressure
Partial pressure
Intrapleural pressure
What is the term for the amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath?
Tidal volume
Vital capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
The functional unit of the kidney is called ________.
the renal corpuscle
the nephron
Bowman's capsule
the renal hilus
the nephron
Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform?
converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol
converts calcidiol into calcitriol
stores vitamin D
none of these
converts calcidiol into calcitriol
Which type of T cell is most effective against viruses?
Th2
regulatory T cells
cytotoxic T cells
Th1
cytotoxic T cells
Why is clonal expansion so important?
to select for specific cells
to secrete cytokines
to increase the numbers of specific cells
to kill target cells
to increase the numbers of specific cells
Which of these causes inhalation/inspiration?
Alveolar pressure increasing above atmospheric pressure
Movement of the ribs closer together due to contraction of the internal intercostal muscles
Contraction of the abdominal muscles
Increase in the curvature (upward movement) of the diaphragm
Flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm
Flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm
Which of the following are forces that act to increase lung volume and help to generate negative intrapleural pressure?
Lung elasticity
Elasticity of thoracic wall
Surface tension within pleural cavity
Surface tension of alveolar fluid
all choices picked = .25/.5
elasticity of thoracic wall
surface tension within pleural cavity
Which of the following would be likely to increase GFR?
Sympathetic stimulation of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle
A decrease in plasma volume
Constricting efferent arterioles
Dilation of the afferent arteriole
An increase in the concentration of plasma proteins
Constricting efferent arterioles
Dilation of the afferent arteriole
The filtered load of water in an average person is approximately 180 L/day.
True
False
True
Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
Regulation of blood pressure
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pH
Production of PTH
production of PTH
Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________.
urethra, bladder, and ureters
ureters
urethra
bladder
NOT: ureters
NOT: all 3
If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect?
no difficulty as type I cells can provide enough surfactant for normal breathing
difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow
difficulty inflating the lungs
difficulty expressing fluid
difficulty inflating the lungs
Which of the following structures of the nephron contributes most to the establishment of the medullary gradient?
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Vasa recta
Descending limb of the nephron loop
NOT: vasa recta
NOT: proximal convoluted tubule
In which of the following ways do the kidneys contribute to homeostasis?
Secretion of cholesterol
Regulation of blood pressure
Regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity
Regulation of blood glucose concentration
Regulation of systemic pH
Recycling of old red blood cells
only 2 are correct
.333/.5 regulation of systemic pH
regulation of blood pressure
You are the CEO of a drug company where you've asked five teams of scientists to generate new drugs to decrease blood pressure. You can only send four of the drugs to market. Which of these drugs is least likely to decrease blood pressure and can be eliminated from potential development?
A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
What is the normal resting respiratory rate for an adult?
12-16 breaths per minute
24-30 breaths per minute
6-11 breaths per minute
17-22 breaths per minute
12-16 breaths per minute
Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production?
thrombopoietin
renin
EPO
vitamin D
EPO
What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?
dopamine
renin
aldosterone
nitric oxide
aldosterone
Which function(s) of the respiratory system do type 2 alveolar cells contribute towards?
Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces
Protection of respiratory surfaces
Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces
Vocalization
protection of respiratory surfaces
Which of the following tissues would you expect to find lining the urethra?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Smooth muscle
Transitional epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
NOT: transitional epithelium
NOT: stratified squamous epithelium
A patient has a bacterial infection in the renal tubules where it caused inflammation. The tubules narrowed due to hardening and inflammation, thereby increasing resistance. A fluid back-up ensued. Which of the following is TRUE?
Blood pressure will decrease.
GFR will decrease.
Protein will be present in the urine.
Urine volume will increase.
Hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule will increase.
0/.5 Blood pressure will decrease.
GFR will decrease.
Hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule will increase.
0/.5 Urine volume will increase.
Blood pressure will decrease.
protein will be present in the urine
Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?
pharynx
alveoli
bronchi
nasal cavity
alveoli
Which of the following blood vessels provides blood directly to the glomerulus?
Efferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole
Interlobar artery
Peritubular capillaries
afferent arteriole
In which section of the nephron is sodium primarily reabsorbed?
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Collecting duct
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
What effect do you expect epinephrine and norepinephrine to have on glomerular filtration?
Decrease glomerular filtration rate
No effect on glomerular filtration rate
Increase glomerular filtration rate
NOT: increase glomerular filtration rate
Which is TRUE about the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone, ADH)?
It stimulates the excretion of K + in the urine.
It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
NOT: It stimulates the excretion of K + in the urine.
NOT: It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________.
portal system
loop of Henle
minor calyces
ureter
loop of Henle
Which of the following muscles are contracted during the inspiration phase of forced breathing?
Diaphragm
Internal intercostals
Erector spinae
External intercostals
.125/.5 internal intercostals
erector spinae
.125/.5 internal intercostals
diaphragm
.125/.5 internal intercostals
external intercostals
.75/1 external intercostals
diaphragm
What is one function of the type II alveolar cells?
Secretion of mucus
Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
Lining the pleural space
Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
Production of surfactant
Production of surfactant
Which of the following epithelia is most commonly encountered in the conductive zone?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
PSCC
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
NOT: stratified squamous epithelium
NOT: simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following is classified as the countercurrent exchanger within the kidney?
Movement of filtrate through the collecting duct where almost all of the water is absorbed and the concentration of the urine is multiplicatively increased.
Movement of plasma first down the descending (arteriole) side of the vasa recta where water may leave and ions enter, followed by the movement up the ascending (venule) side where water may enter and ions leave.
Movement of filtrate through the twists and turns of the convoluted tubules providing contact with the microvilli which multiply the absorption and secretion activities of the simple cuboidal epithelium.
Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla.
NOT: Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla.
In which section of the nephron is calcium absorption modified by calcitriol and PTH?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Distal convoluted tubule
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Descending limb of the nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination.
stimulated
inhibited
inhibited
________ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration.
Osmotic
Hydrostatic
hydrostatic
Which of the following structures is responsible for violent/spasmodic coughing when stimulated?
Carina
Olfactory epithelium
Merkel cells
Epiglottis
carina
__________________ results in a ________________ of both GFR and renal blood flow.
Vasodilation ; decrease
Vascular spasm ; increase
Vasoconstriction ; decrease
Vasoconstriction ; increase
vasoconstriction ; decreases
In which histological layer of the ureter would you expect to find transitional epithelium
Tunica submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica adventitia
tunica mucosa
What is the term for the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation?
Residual volume
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
The elimination of self-reactive thymocytes is called ________.
negative selection.
tolerance.
positive selection.
clonal selection.
negative selection
NOT: tolerance
The taking in of antigen and digesting it for later presentation is called ________.
antigen presentation
exocytosis
endocytosis
antigen processing
antigen processing
Which of the following is TRUE about how water is handled by the nephron?
Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient. The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
Which of the following structures are shared between the digestive and respiratory systems?
Larynx
Esophagus
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Layngopharynx
In healthy individuals, the amount of glucose present in urine will be virtually zero because the amount of glucose reabsorption from the filtrate back into the blood prevents excretion.
True
False
True
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
to secrete pulmonary surfactant
to secrete antimicrobial proteins
to remove pathogens and debris
to facilitate gas exchange
to remove pathogens and debris
What is the first structure in which you would expect to find ultrafiltrate after its formation?
Glomerular capsule
Distal convoluted tubule
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
glomerular capsule
Which of the following is classified as the countercurrent multiplier within the kidney?
Movement of filtrate through the collecting duct where almost all of the water is absorbed and the concentration of the urine is multiplicatively increased.
Movement of plasma first down the descending (arteriole) side of the vasa recta where water may leave and ions enter, followed by the movement up the ascending (venule) side where water may enter and ions leave.
Movement of filtrate through the twists and turns of the convoluted tubules providing contact with the microvilli which multiply the absorption and secretion activities of the simple cuboidal epithelium.
Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla.
Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla.
The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________.
renal columns
medullary cortices
renal medulla
minor calyces
renal columns
The glomerulus is composed of what type of capillary?
Fenestrated
Sinusoid
Continuous
Afferent
fenestrated
In which of the following structures would you expect to find the macula densa?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Glomerulus
Distal convoluted tubule
Nephron Loop
Glomerular capsule
distal convoluted tubule
Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?
The diaphragm moves downward.
The rib cage is compressed.
The thoracic cavity volume decreases.
The ribs and sternum move upward.
the ribs and sternum move upward
Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes?
mediastinum
root
fissure
pleura
fissure
In which section of the nephron is bicarbonate primarily synthesized and absorbed?
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Proximal convoluted tubule
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule
What effect do you expect ANP to have on glomerular filtration?
No effect on glomerular filtration rate
Decrease glomerular filtration rate
Increase glomerular filtration rate
increase glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following muscles are contracted during the expiration phase of forced breathing?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Erector spinae
Internal intercostals
ALL chosen = .125/.5
.25/.5 erector spinae
.125/.5 erector spinae
diaphragm
.75/1 erector spinae
internal intercoastal
In which region of the kidney would you expect to find all corpuscles?
Cortex
Medulla
Renal Pelvis
Renal Columns
Cortex
Which function(s) of the respiratory system does the nasal cavity contribute towards?
Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces
Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces
Protection of respiratory surfaces
Vocalization
conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces
Protection of respiratory surface
In which region of the kidney would you expect to find the nephron loops responsible for concentrating urine?
Renal Columns
Cortex
Renal Pelvis
Medulla
Medulla
The kidney is only innervated by autonomic neurons associated with the parasympathetic system.
True
False
False
You embark on a hiking trip on Mt. Kilimanjaro (altitude = 19,000 ft; Atmospheric air pressure = 379 mmHg). As you ascend, what happens to the PO 2 in the alveoli?
No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
Alveolar PO 2 decreases.
Alveolar PO 2 increases.
Alveolar PO2 decreases.
Carl has hypothyroidism and therefore his Na +/K + ATPase pumps are functioning at a reduced rate. Will there be any effect on the transport of Na +?
There will be a reduction in Na + transport in Bowman's capsule epithelial cells.
There will be a reduction in ATP-dependent, Na + transport on the apical side of the tubule epithelial cells.
There will be no change to Na + transport.
There will be a reduction in Na + secretion on both sides of the tubule epithelial cells.
There will be a reduction in Na + transport on the basolateral side of the tubule epithelial cells.
There will be a reduction in Na + transport on the basolateral side of the tubule epithelial cells.
The right kidney is slightly lower because ________.
it is slightly smaller
it is displace by the heart
it needs protection of the lower ribs
it is displaced by the liver
it is displaced by the liver
What is the function of perirenal fat?
It acts as an anchor, adhering the kidneys to the posterior abdominal wall
It serves as the primary fuel source for ATP production for nephron function
It serves as the primary energy reserves for gluconeogenesis
It acts as a cushion/insulator for protection
It acts as a cushion/insulator for protection
All of the following substances are present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney, but which one is NOT normally present in urine?
Ca 2+
HPO4 2-
K +H +
Glucose
Glucose
Which function(s) of the respiratory system do dust cells contribute towards?
Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces
Vocalization
Protection of respiratory surfaces
Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces
Protection of respiratory surfaces
What effect do you expect NO to have on glomerular filtration?
No effect on glomerular filtration rate
Increase glomerular filtration rate
Decrease glomerular filtration rate
increase glomerular filtration rate
Where does the majority of water reabsorption take place in the nephron?
Collecting duct
Distal convoluted tubule
Glomerulus
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Capsular space
Proximal convoluted tubule
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule
The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.
pulmonary
interlobular
respiratory
bronchial
NOT: pulmonary
Total-body balance of water and Na + is largely maintained by regulating urinary loss of these substances.
True
False
True
Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the ________.
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
calyces
renal papillae
Bowman's capsule
In which section of the nephron is no water reabsorbed?
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Proximal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Distal convoluted tubule
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________.
you would develop systemic edema
you would retain excess Na+
you would lose vitamins and electrolytes
you would suffer severe dehydration
you would suffer severe dehydration
What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?
decreased blood pressure
increased blood pressure
increased Na+ levels
decreased Na+ levels
increased blood pressure
Select all of the following that are components of the filtration membrane?
Plasma proteins
Endothelium
Podocytes
Glomerular capsule space
Basement membrane
endothelium
podocytes
basement membrane
Which of the following is false with respect to structures of the bronchial tree
tructures are named based on diameter and branching order
The relative amount of smooth muscle increases with decreased diameter
Epithelium changes from PSCC to simple squamous epithelium
Supporting cartilage is lost with decreased diameter
Epithelium changes from PSCC to simple squamous epithelium
not; the relative amount of smooth muscle increases with decreased diameter
Which of the following is most responsible for keeping the lung surface and the thoracic wall from separating?
The force exerted by the external intercostal muscles
The presence of surfactant
The negative pressure in the alveolar space
Sub atmospheric intrapleural pressure
Alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
NOT: the negative pressure in the alveolar space
NOT: the presence of surfactant
Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________.
normal
polyuria
anuria
oliguria
anuria
Complete the sentence:
The cells directly in contact with the glomerulus are____________________.
Podocytes
Endothelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Juxtaglomerular cells
podocytes
In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed?
The distal convoluted tubule
The proximal tubule
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
The descending limb of the loop of Henle
The collecting ducts
the proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following is a major function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Produce secretions which influence blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate
Concentrat the ultrafiltrate into urine
Modify ultrafiltrate through the mechanisms of secretion and absorption
Produce secretions which increase calcium absorption from the intestines and ultrafitrate
produce secretions which influence blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following are derived from liver secretions and cause vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels?
Vasopressin
Angiotensin II
Norepinepherine
Acetylcholine
Angiotensin II
Which of the following is the pressure term for pressure which keeps the lungs open/inflated?
Partial pressure
Intrapleural pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
transpulmonary pressure
Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing?
residual volume
tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
inspiratory reserve volume
residual voume
Which of the following would not result in the formation of a memory B cell?
Becoming exposed/infected
An infant drinking breast milk from an individual that recovered from the illness
Receiving a convalescent plasma/blood transfusion from someone that recovered from the illness
Receiving a vaccination
An infant drinking breast milk from an individual that recovered from the illness
Receiving a convalescent plasma/blood transfusion from someone that recovered from the illness
What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney?
Filtration of blood to form ultrafiltrate
Secretion of waste products into the urine
Regulation of systemic blood pressure
Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
filtration of blood to form ultrafiltrate
Which of the following are neurotransmitters that cause vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels?
Norepinepherine
Acetylcholine
Vasopressin
Angiotensin II
Norepinephrine
Which of the following are hypothalamic hormones that cause vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels?
Angiotensin II
Norepinepherine
Acetylcholine
Vasopressin
Vasopressin
Gas flow decreases as ________ increases.
pressure
friction
airway diameter
resistance
resistance
Which of the following forces is the least important factor in glomerular filtration in a healthy individual?
Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule
Oncotic pressure within the glomerulus
Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus
Oncotic pressure within the glomerular capsule
NOT: Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule
NOT: Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus
Which of the following forces is the most important factor in glomerular filtration in a healthy individual?
Oncotic pressure within the glomerulus
Oncotic pressure within the glomerular capsule
Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule
Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus
hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus
Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal?
ureters
nephrons
kidneys
bladder
bladder
What is the rate-limiting (regulated) step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone?
Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
Which equation is equal to the net glomerular filtration pressure?
GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in Bowman's capsule
GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma
GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma
GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule + osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma
GFP = osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma - hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule
GFP= hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma
Which of the following is not a secretion of juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Erythropoieten
Calcitriol
Renin
Paracrine messengers
calcitriol
Which type of T cell is responsible for remembering past infections and providing long-term immunity?
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Memory T cells
memory T cells
If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect?
difficulty expressing fluid
no difficulty as type I cells can provide enough surfactant for normal breathing
difficulty inflating the lungs
difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow
difficulty inflating the lungs
What effect do you expect high concentrations of vasopressin to have on glomerular filtration?
Increase glomerular filtration rate
No effect on glomerular filtration rate
Decrease glomerular filtration rate
decrease glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following are forces that act to decrease lung volume and help to generate negative intrapleural pressure?
Elasticity of thoracic wall
Surface tension within pleural cavity
Lung elasticity
Surface tension of alveolar fluid
all chosen = .25/.5
When you take a breath, what is the first type of epithelium encountered by a molecule of air?
Olfactory epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
PSCC
Simple squamous epithelium
NOT: olfactory epithelium