front 1 In which section of the nephron is bicarbonate primarily synthesized and absorbed? Descending limb of the nephron loop Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Ascending limb of the nephron loop | back 1 Proximal convoluted tubule |
front 2 Which of the following roles does carbonic anhydrase serve in the proximal convoluted tubule (select all that apply). Conversion of carbonic acid into a proton and bicarbonate Conversion of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide Conversion of a proton and bicarbonate into carbonic acid Conversion of water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid | back 2 Conversion of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide Conversion of carbonic acid into a proton and bicarbonate .25/.5 Conversion of carbonic acid into a proton and bicarbonate Conversion of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide if thats not right Conversion of water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid Conversion of a proton and bicarbonate into carbonic acid |
front 3 The kidney is only innervated by autonomic neurons associated with the sympathetic system. True False | back 3 True |
front 4 What is the best explanation for why we describe certain processes within the nephron as counter current? Because fluid flow is only in 1 direction and the anatomical "U" shape produces flow in both a descending and ascending direction. Because fluid flow is only in 1 direction and the anatomical "S" shape produces flow in both medial and lateral directions. Because fluid flow is in 2 in directions and the anatomical "W" shape produces flow in multiple opposing directions. None of these responses are correct. | back 4 Because fluid flow is only in 1 direction and the anatomical "U" shape produces flow in both a descending and ascending direction. |
front 5 Constriction of the __________ decreases hydrostatic pressure in __________. efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles; Bowman's capsule renal vein; peritubular capillaries | back 5 afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries |
front 6 What is the function of perirenal fat? It acts as an anchor, adhering the kidneys to the posterior abdominal wall It serves as the primary energy reserves for gluconeogenesis It acts as a cushion/insulator for protection It serves as the primary fuel source for ATP production for nephron function | back 6 it acts as a cushion/insulator for protection |
front 7 In which section of the nephron is no water reabsorbed? Proximal convoluted tubule Ascending limb of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Descending limb of the nephron loop | back 7 ascending limb of the nephron loop |
front 8 As it enters the proximal convoluted tubule, the filtrate is ____________________. Hyperosmotic Hypoosmotic Isosmotic | back 8 Isosmotic |
front 9 Which equation is equal to the net glomerular filtration pressure? GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in Bowman's capsule GFP = osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma - hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule + osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma | back 9 GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma |
front 10 Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination. stimulated inhibited | back 10 inhibited |
front 11 Which of the following is classified as the countercurrent exchanger within the kidney? Movement of plasma first down the descending (arteriole) side of the vasa recta where water may leave and ions enter, followed by the movement up the ascending (venule) side where water may enter and ions leave. Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla. Movement of filtrate through the twists and turns of the convoluted tubules providing contact with the microvilli which multiply the absorption and secretion activities of the simple cuboidal epithelium. Movement of filtrate through the collecting duct where almost all of the water is absorbed and the concentration of the urine is multiplicatively increased. | back 11 Movement of plasma first down the descending (arteriole) side of the vasa recta where water may leave and ions enter, followed by the movement up the ascending (venule) side where water may enter and ions leave. |
front 12 If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________. you would suffer severe dehydration you would lose vitamins and electrolytes you would develop systemic edema you would retain excess Na+ | back 12 you would suffer severe dehydration |
front 13 As it enters the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the filtrate is ____________________. Isosmotic Hyposmotic Hyperosmotic | back 13 Not isosmotic |
front 14 Which of the following is least likely to be filtered into Bowman's capsule in a normal, healthy person? Sodium Urea Glucose Bicarbonate ion Plasma protein | back 14 plasma proteins |
front 15 Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone? Aldosterone decreases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts. Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the proximal tubule. Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts. Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the proximal tubule. | back 15 Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts. |
front 16 In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine? Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells. The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption. The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption. The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient. Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable | back 16 The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption. |
front 17 A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure. increase in zero decrease in equalization of | back 17 increase in |
front 18 When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration. relax contract | back 18 contract |
front 19 What effect do you expect angiotensinogen to have on glomerular filtration? No effect on glomerular filtration rate Decrease glomerular filtration rate Increase glomerular filtration rate | back 19 NOT: decrease filtration rate NOT: increase glomerular filtration rate |
front 20 Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________. absorption secretion filtration filtration, absorption, and secretion | back 20 filtration, absorption, and secretion |
front 21 Only substances that are filtered by the kidneys can be excreted by them. True False | back 21 False |
front 22 What is the term for the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation? Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Vital capacity | back 22 Vital capacity |
front 23 Type II alveolar cells are among the last cells to mature during fetal development. In babies born prematurely, type II alveolar cells are often not ready to perform their function. Which of the following would be TRUE of these babies? They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli. They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs. They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications. They would be more likely to have coughing fits. None of these would occur. | back 23 They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli. |
front 24 Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system? Net uptake of carbon dioxide from the air and removal of oxygen from the blood Trapping of blood clots Phonation (vocalization) Defense against microbes Regulation of blood H + concentration | back 24 Net uptake of carbon dioxide from the air and removal of oxygen from the blood |
front 25 Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct? The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum. The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration. All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered. The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration. The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration. | back 25 The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration. |
front 26 After prolonged exertion in a hot climate, baroreceptors would __________ firing, leading to __________ secretion of __________ and thus __________ renal reabsorption of __________. increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na + decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water increase; increased; renin; increased; Na + | back 26 decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water |
front 27 The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________. the ascending loop of Henle the proximal convoluted tubule the collecting ducts the distal convoluted tubule | back 27 the collecting ducts |
front 28 In which of the following cells would you expect to find class 2 MHC proteins? All nucleated cells B cells Dendritic cells Macrophages | back 28 B cells Dendritic cells Macrophages |
front 29 Complete the sentence: __________________ results in a ________________ of both GFR and renal blood flow. Vascular spasm ; increase Vasoconstriction ; increase Vasodilation ; increase Vasodilation ; decrease | back 29 Vasodilation ; increase |
front 30 Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone? Aldosterone decreases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts. Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the proximal tubule. Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts. Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts. | back 30 Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts. |
front 31 In which histological layer of the ureter would you expect to find the smooth muscle layers responsible for peristalsis? Tunica adventitia Tunica mucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica submucosa | back 31 Tunica muscularis |
front 32 Which of the following are structural features of the trachea? C-shaped cartilage smooth muscle fibers cilia all of the above | back 32 all of the above |
front 33 Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron. collecting ducts proximal convoluted tubule descending loop of Henle ascending loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule | back 33 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 34 Which of the following epithelia is most commonly encountered in the respiratory zone? Simple cuboidal epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Simple squamous epithelium PSCC | back 34 NOT PSCC NOT stratified squamous epithelium |
front 35 The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide? It diffuses into the alveoli. The gradient is too small for carbon dioxide to diffuse. It diffuses into the blood. It decomposes into carbon and oxygen. | back 35 It diffuses into the alveoli. |
front 36 Which of the following is the best explanation for the structure of the respiratory membrane: By sharing a fused basal laminae, type 2 alveolar cells and capillary endothelium reduce the distance required for diffusion of gases. The respiratory membrane increases resistance to air flow which allows the lungs to inflate during the negative pressure phase of inspiration. By sharing a fused basal laminae, type 1 alveolar cells and capillary endothelium reduce the distance required for diffusion of gases. The respiratory membrane decreases resistance to air flow which allows the lungs to inflate during the negative pressure phase of inspiration. | back 36 NOT: By sharing a fused basal laminae, type 2 alveolar cells and capillary endothelium reduce the distance required for diffusion of gases. NOT: The respiratory membrane decreases resistance to air flow which allows the lungs to inflate during the negative pressure phase of inspiration. |
front 37 Which of the following is not true for B cells and T cells? Both produce antibodies Both undergo selection for immunocompetence Both originate in the bone marrow Both undergo selection for self tolerance | back 37 Both produce antibodies |
front 38 In which of the following structures would you expect to find the numerous microvilli? Nephron Loop Glomerulus Glomerular capsule Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule | back 38 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 39 Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is __________ as it enters Bowman's space, __________ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, __________ at the tip of the loop, and __________ at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic | back 39 isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic |
front 40 Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for coordinating the adaptive immune response? Dendritic cells T cells Natural killer cells B cells | back 40 T cells |
front 41 Which of the following tissues would you expect to find in the tunica muscularis? Stratified squamous epithelium Transitional epithelium Smooth muscle Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | back 41 smooth muscle |
front 42 Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? surface tension production of pulmonary surfactant pulmonary ventilation resistance | back 42 pulmonary ventilation |
front 43 Which of the following factors does NOT affect pulmonary ventilation? Lung elasticity Airway resistance Blood pressure Lung compliance | back 43 Blood pressure |
front 44 Renin is released in response to ________. ACE increased blood pressure decreased blood pressure diuretics | back 44 decreased blood pressure |
front 45 What is the function of the vasa recta? To preserve the medullary gradient by removing the interstitial fluid produced due to the countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loop. To dilute the the medullary gradient by removing excess ions pumped from the lumen of the ascending limb of the nephron loop. To regulate the state of the medullary gradient by regulating filtrate formation through paracrine signaling targeting the glomerulus. To establish the medullary gradient by delivering ions to the interstitial fluid of the medulla. | back 45 To preserve the medullary gradient by removing the interstitial fluid produced due to the countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loop. |
front 46 Which of the following tissues would you expect to find lining the ureters? Stratified squamous epithelium Transitional epithelium Smooth muscle Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | back 46 transitional epithelium |
front 47 Which type of T cell is primarily involved in killing infected cells? Plasma cells Helper T cells Memory T cells Regulatory T cells Cytotoxic T cells | back 47 Cytotoxic cells |
front 48 Which of the following forces resist glomerular filtration in a healthy individual? Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus Oncotic pressure within the glomerulus Oncotic pressure within the glomerular capsule | back 48 Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule Oncotic pressure within the glomerulus |
front 49 In which region of the kidney would you expect to find fully formed and concentrated urine? Renal Columns Renal Pelvis Medulla Cortex | back 49 Renal Pelvis |
front 50 Which of the following is not a secretion of the kidney? Erythropoietin Calcidiol Calcitriol Renin | back 50 Calcidiol |
front 51 Which of the following is responsible for the regulation of respiratory rate and depth? Cerebral Cortex Medulla oblongata Carotid bodies Hypothalamus | back 51 Medulla oblongata |
front 52 In which region of the kidney would you expect to find most nephrons? Renal Columns Medulla Renal Pelvis Cortex | back 52 Cortex |
front 53 The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________. negative pressure atmospheric pressure pulmonary pressure | back 53 transpulmonary pressure |
front 54 Which portion of the nephron is responsible for filtering blood? Proximal Convoluted Tubule Nephron Loop Glomerular Capsule Distal Convoluted Tubule Glomerulus | back 54 glomerulus |
front 55 Which function(s) of the respiratory system do type 1 alveolar cells contribute towards? Protection of respiratory surfaces Vocalization Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces | back 55 exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces |
front 56 Which of the following tissues would you expect to find lining the urinary bladder? Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Smooth muscle Stratified squamous epithelium Transitional epithelium | back 56 NOT: stratified squamous epithelium NOT: pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
front 57 Systemic blood pressure must stay above 60 so that the proper amount of filtration occurs. false true | back 57 false |
front 58 You are a scientist at a drug company where your CEO has asked for your team to create a drug that will inhibit spontaneous emptying of the bladder (incontinence). Which of the following drugs would be effective? A drug that blocks the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle A drug that inhibits the effects of somatic neurons on the bladder A drug that inhibits the action of sympathetic neurons on the external urethral sphincter A drug that inhibits the effects of sympathetic neurons on the internal urethral sphincter A drug that enhances the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle | back 58 A drug that blocks the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle |
front 59 What is the best description of a myogenic mechanism as it applies to regulation of renal blood flow? Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the afferent arteriole will relax when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume. Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the efferent arteriole will relax when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume. Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the efferent arteriole will contract when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume. Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the afferent arteriole will contract when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume. | back 59 NOT: Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the efferent arteriole will contract when stretched due to high blood pressure/volume. |
front 60 Which function(s) of the respiratory system do the paranasal sinuses contribute towards? .375/.5 Protection of respiratory surfaces Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces Regulation of blood properties | back 60 Protection of respiratory surfaces Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces |
front 61 Water and NaCl reabsorbed from the loop of Henle directly reenter which blood vessels? Collecting ducts Afferent arterioles Cortical peritubular capillaries Efferent arterioles Vasa recta | back 61 Vasa recta |
front 62 Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for recognizing and killing virus-infected cells without prior exposure? Cytotoxic T cells Natural Killer cells Macrophages Plasma cells | back 62 Natural Killer cells |
front 63 Which of the following muscles are contracted during the inspiration phase of quiet breathing? Diaphragm Erector spinae External intercostals Internal intercostals | back 63 Diaphragm external intercostals |
front 64 Which class of antibody is found in mucus? IgA IgE IgD IgM | back 64 IgA |
front 65 In which of the following cells would you expect to find class 1 MHC proteins? .125/.5 Macrophages B cells Dendritic cells All nucleated cells | back 65 all nucleated cells |
front 66 Which of the following pressures do you expect to be negative with respect to atmospheric pressure? Intrapleural pressure Intrapulmonary pressure Partial pressure Transpulmonary pressure | back 66 intrapleural pressure |
front 67 Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure. low; high low; low high; high high; low | back 67 high low |
front 68 In tubuloglomerular feedback, what structure produces the paracrine signals for modification of filtration rate? Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa Podocytes Principal cells within the collecting duct | back 68 NOT: juxtaglomerular cells |
front 69 Which of the following statements regarding Ca2+ homeostasis is TRUE? Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca 2+. In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca 2+ levels would be abnormally low resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes. When plasma Ca 2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases. Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ absorption from the GI tract. Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ reabsorption by the kidneys. | back 69 Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ reabsorption by the kidneys. |
front 70 Under normal circumstances, which of the following would result from an increase in transpulmonary pressure? Emphysema Exhalation/expiration Pneumothorax Inhalation/inspiration A collapsed lung | back 70 inhalation/inspiration |
front 71 The kidney is an organ with dual innervation of the autonomic nervous system. True False | back 71 False |
front 72 Which of the following pressures do you expect to equalize with atmospheric pressure? Intrapulmonary pressure Partial pressure Intrapleural pressure Transpulmonary pressure | back 72 Intrapulmonary pressure |
front 73 Which type of B cell is responsible for the production of antibodies during the secondary adaptive immune response? Plasma cells Naive cells Memory cells Regulatory B cells | back 73 Memory cells |
front 74 The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is __________ plus the amount that is __________ minus the amount that is __________. filtered; reabsorbed; secreted reabsorbed; secreted; filtered filtered; secreted; reabsorbed secreted; reabsorbed; filtered reabsorbed; filtered; secreted | back 74 filtered; secreted; reabsorbed |
front 75 Which type of leukocyte is responsible for the production of antibodies? Basophils T cells B cells Natural killer cells Neutrophils | back 75 B cells |
front 76 What is the name for the anterior portion of the nasal cavity? Vestibule Nasal conchae Nasal meati Roof | back 76 vestibule |
front 77 Which of these is a vasoconstrictor? angiotensin II bradykinin nitric oxide natriuretic hormone | back 77 angiotensin II |
front 78 Which type of B cell is responsible for the production of antibodies during the primary adaptive immune response? Memory cells Plasma cells Regulatory B cells Naive cells | back 78 plasma cells |
front 79 What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole? arcuate and medullary interlobar and interlobular peritubular and medullary peritubular and vasa recta | back 79 peritubular and vasa recta |
front 80 Which of the following cartilages forms the laryngeal prominence? Arytenoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Cricoid cartilage | back 80 thyroid cartilage |
front 81 Which of the following is the pressure term for pressure within the alveoli? Transpulmonary pressure Partial pressure Intrapleural pressure Intrapulmonary pressure | back 81 intrapulmonary pressure |
front 82 The color of urine is determined mainly by ________. diet byproducts of red blood cell breakdown filtration rate filtration efficiency | back 82 byproducts of red blood cell breakdown |
front 83 Complete the sentence: As it enters the distal convoluted tubule, the filtrate is ____________________. Hyposmotic Isosmotic Hyperosmotic | back 83 NOT: isosmotic |
front 84 Most of the reabsorption of filtered calcium is unregulated and occurs in the__________, but an additional amount can be reabsorbed in the __________, depending on the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone. distal convoluted tubule; proximal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule; descending loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule; medullary collecting ducts proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule; renal corpuscle | back 84 proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted tubule |
front 85 Which type of T cell is responsible for remembering past infections and providing long-term immunity? Memory T cells Regulatory T cells Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells | back 85 memory T cells |
front 86 Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree? alveoli bronchi respiratory bronchioles terminal bronchioles | back 86 alveoli |
front 87 If Oxygen makes up ~20% of the total volume of atmospheric air, which of the following numbers is closest to the expected partial pressure? 600 mm Hg 30 mm Hg 160 mm Hg 20 mm Hg | back 87 160 mm Hg |
front 88 Which correctly describes the composition of the glomerular filtrate? It is identical to urine, but has a much smaller flow rate. It is identical to urine, but has a much larger flow rate. It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain glucose. It is identical to blood plasma, except it lacks red blood cells. It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain plasma proteins. | back 88 It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain plasma proteins. |
front 89 Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct. false true | back 89 false |
front 90 What effect do you expect angiotensin II to have on glomerular filtration? Decrease glomerular filtration rate Increase glomerular filtration rate No effect on glomerular filtration rate | back 90 NOT: increase glomerular filtration rate |
front 91 Which of the following structures contributes most to the preservation of the medullary gradient? Descending limb of the nephron loop Ascending limb of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Vasa recta | back 91 Vasa recta |
front 92 Which type of T cell is involved in activating B cells to produce antibodies? Regulatory T cells Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Memory T cells | back 92 Helper T cells |
front 93 Which of the following transport processes are common to both countercurrent systems within the kidney? Active transport Osmosis Pinocytosis Diffusion | back 93 Osmosis Diffusion |
front 94 During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true? Lung volume decreases. Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure. The diaphragm relaxes. Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative. | back 94 Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure. |
front 95 What is the reason that you have to be immunized with a new influenza vaccine each year? macrophage oxidative metabolism mutation memory response the vaccine is only protective for a year | back 95 Mutation |
front 96 Which of the following regions would you expect to be lined with stratified squamous epithelium? Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx Nasal cavity | back 96 Oropharynx |
front 97 The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx? nasopharynx laryngopharynx nasal cavity oral cavity | back 97 oral cavity |
front 98 Which of the following best describes the movement of gases due to partial pressure? Gases will move from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure as an active transport process Gases will move from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure as a passive transport process Gases will move from areas of low partial pressure to high partial pressure as an active transport process Gases will move from areas of low partial pressure to high partial pressure as a passive transport process | back 98 Gases will move from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure as a passive transport process |
front 99 Which of the following is the pressure term for pressure within the pleural cavity? Transpulmonary pressure Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapleural pressure Partial pressure | back 99 Intrapleural pressure |
front 100 What is the term for the amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath? Tidal volume Vital capacity Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume | back 100 Tidal volume |
front 101 The functional unit of the kidney is called ________. the renal corpuscle the nephron Bowman's capsule the renal hilus | back 101 the nephron |
front 102 Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform? converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol converts calcidiol into calcitriol stores vitamin D none of these | back 102 converts calcidiol into calcitriol |
front 103 Which type of T cell is most effective against viruses? Th2 regulatory T cells cytotoxic T cells Th1 | back 103 cytotoxic T cells |
front 104 Why is clonal expansion so important? to select for specific cells to secrete cytokines to increase the numbers of specific cells to kill target cells | back 104 to increase the numbers of specific cells |
front 105 Which of these causes inhalation/inspiration? Alveolar pressure increasing above atmospheric pressure Movement of the ribs closer together due to contraction of the internal intercostal muscles Contraction of the abdominal muscles Increase in the curvature (upward movement) of the diaphragm Flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm | back 105 Flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm |
front 106 Which of the following are forces that act to increase lung volume and help to generate negative intrapleural pressure? Lung elasticity Elasticity of thoracic wall Surface tension within pleural cavity Surface tension of alveolar fluid | back 106 all choices picked = .25/.5 elasticity of thoracic wall surface tension within pleural cavity |
front 107 Which of the following would be likely to increase GFR? Sympathetic stimulation of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle A decrease in plasma volume Constricting efferent arterioles Dilation of the afferent arteriole An increase in the concentration of plasma proteins | back 107 Constricting efferent arterioles Dilation of the afferent arteriole |
front 108 The filtered load of water in an average person is approximately 180 L/day. True False | back 108 True |
front 109 Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? Regulation of blood pressure Regulation of blood volume Regulation of blood pH Production of PTH | back 109 production of PTH |
front 110 Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________. urethra, bladder, and ureters ureters urethra bladder | back 110 NOT: ureters NOT: all 3 |
front 111 If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect? no difficulty as type I cells can provide enough surfactant for normal breathing difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow difficulty inflating the lungs difficulty expressing fluid | back 111 difficulty inflating the lungs |
front 112 Which of the following structures of the nephron contributes most to the establishment of the medullary gradient? Ascending limb of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Vasa recta Descending limb of the nephron loop | back 112 NOT: vasa recta NOT: proximal convoluted tubule |
front 113 In which of the following ways do the kidneys contribute to homeostasis? Secretion of cholesterol Regulation of blood pressure Regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity Regulation of blood glucose concentration Regulation of systemic pH Recycling of old red blood cells | back 113 only 2 are correct .333/.5 regulation of systemic pH regulation of blood pressure |
front 114 You are the CEO of a drug company where you've asked five teams of scientists to generate new drugs to decrease blood pressure. You can only send four of the drugs to market. Which of these drugs is least likely to decrease blood pressure and can be eliminated from potential development? A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles | back 114 A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme |
front 115 What is the normal resting respiratory rate for an adult? 12-16 breaths per minute 24-30 breaths per minute 6-11 breaths per minute 17-22 breaths per minute | back 115 12-16 breaths per minute |
front 116 Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production? thrombopoietin renin EPO vitamin D | back 116 EPO |
front 117 What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones? dopamine renin aldosterone nitric oxide | back 117 aldosterone |
front 118 Which function(s) of the respiratory system do type 2 alveolar cells contribute towards? Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces Protection of respiratory surfaces Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces Vocalization | back 118 protection of respiratory surfaces |
front 119 Which of the following tissues would you expect to find lining the urethra? Stratified squamous epithelium Smooth muscle Transitional epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | back 119 NOT: transitional epithelium NOT: stratified squamous epithelium |
front 120 A patient has a bacterial infection in the renal tubules where it caused inflammation. The tubules narrowed due to hardening and inflammation, thereby increasing resistance. A fluid back-up ensued. Which of the following is TRUE? Blood pressure will decrease. GFR will decrease. Protein will be present in the urine. Urine volume will increase. Hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule will increase. | back 120 0/.5 Blood pressure will decrease. GFR will decrease. Hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule will increase. 0/.5 Urine volume will increase. Blood pressure will decrease. protein will be present in the urine |
front 121 Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone? pharynx alveoli bronchi nasal cavity | back 121 alveoli |
front 122 Which of the following blood vessels provides blood directly to the glomerulus? Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Interlobar artery Peritubular capillaries | back 122 afferent arteriole |
front 123 In which section of the nephron is sodium primarily reabsorbed? Ascending limb of the nephron loop Collecting duct Descending limb of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule | back 123 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 124 What effect do you expect epinephrine and norepinephrine to have on glomerular filtration? Decrease glomerular filtration rate No effect on glomerular filtration rate Increase glomerular filtration rate | back 124 NOT: increase glomerular filtration rate |
front 125 Which is TRUE about the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone, ADH)? It stimulates the excretion of K + in the urine. It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine. It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland. It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells. Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone. | back 125 NOT: It stimulates the excretion of K + in the urine. NOT: It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine. |
front 126 The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________. portal system loop of Henle minor calyces ureter | back 126 loop of Henle |
front 127 Which of the following muscles are contracted during the inspiration phase of forced breathing? Diaphragm Internal intercostals Erector spinae External intercostals | back 127 .125/.5 internal intercostals erector spinae .125/.5 internal intercostals diaphragm .125/.5 internal intercostals external intercostals .75/1 external intercostals diaphragm |
front 128 What is one function of the type II alveolar cells? Secretion of mucus Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles Lining the pleural space Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli Production of surfactant | back 128 Production of surfactant |
front 129 Which of the following epithelia is most commonly encountered in the conductive zone? Simple cuboidal epithelium PSCC Stratified squamous epithelium Simple squamous epithelium | back 129 NOT: stratified squamous epithelium NOT: simple squamous epithelium |
front 130 Which of the following is classified as the countercurrent exchanger within the kidney? Movement of filtrate through the collecting duct where almost all of the water is absorbed and the concentration of the urine is multiplicatively increased. Movement of plasma first down the descending (arteriole) side of the vasa recta where water may leave and ions enter, followed by the movement up the ascending (venule) side where water may enter and ions leave. Movement of filtrate through the twists and turns of the convoluted tubules providing contact with the microvilli which multiply the absorption and secretion activities of the simple cuboidal epithelium. Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla. | back 130 NOT: Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla. |
front 131 In which section of the nephron is calcium absorption modified by calcitriol and PTH? Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubule Ascending limb of the nephron loop Descending limb of the nephron loop | back 131 distal convoluted tubule |
front 132 Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination. stimulated inhibited | back 132 inhibited |
front 133 ________ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration. Osmotic Hydrostatic | back 133 hydrostatic |
front 134 Which of the following structures is responsible for violent/spasmodic coughing when stimulated? Carina Olfactory epithelium Merkel cells Epiglottis | back 134 carina |
front 135 __________________ results in a ________________ of both GFR and renal blood flow. Vasodilation ; decrease Vascular spasm ; increase Vasoconstriction ; decrease Vasoconstriction ; increase | back 135 vasoconstriction ; decreases |
front 136 In which histological layer of the ureter would you expect to find transitional epithelium Tunica submucosa Tunica mucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica adventitia | back 136 tunica mucosa |
front 137 What is the term for the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation? Residual volume Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume | back 137 residual volume |
front 138 The elimination of self-reactive thymocytes is called ________. negative selection. tolerance. positive selection. clonal selection. | back 138 negative selection NOT: tolerance |
front 139 The taking in of antigen and digesting it for later presentation is called ________. antigen presentation exocytosis endocytosis antigen processing | back 139 antigen processing |
front 140 Which of the following is TRUE about how water is handled by the nephron? Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle. Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow. Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient. Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient. The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin. | back 140 Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow. |
front 141 Which of the following structures are shared between the digestive and respiratory systems? Larynx Esophagus Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx | back 141 Oropharynx Layngopharynx |
front 142 In healthy individuals, the amount of glucose present in urine will be virtually zero because the amount of glucose reabsorption from the filtrate back into the blood prevents excretion. True False | back 142 True |
front 143 What is the role of alveolar macrophages? to secrete pulmonary surfactant to secrete antimicrobial proteins to remove pathogens and debris to facilitate gas exchange | back 143 to remove pathogens and debris |
front 144 What is the first structure in which you would expect to find ultrafiltrate after its formation? Glomerular capsule Distal convoluted tubule Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule | back 144 glomerular capsule |
front 145 Which of the following is classified as the countercurrent multiplier within the kidney? Movement of filtrate through the collecting duct where almost all of the water is absorbed and the concentration of the urine is multiplicatively increased. Movement of plasma first down the descending (arteriole) side of the vasa recta where water may leave and ions enter, followed by the movement up the ascending (venule) side where water may enter and ions leave. Movement of filtrate through the twists and turns of the convoluted tubules providing contact with the microvilli which multiply the absorption and secretion activities of the simple cuboidal epithelium. Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla. | back 145 Movement of filtrate first down the descending limb of the nephron loop, where water may leave, followed by movement up the ascending limb, where water is retained and ions are transported into the medulla. |
front 146 The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________. renal columns medullary cortices renal medulla minor calyces | back 146 renal columns |
front 147 The glomerulus is composed of what type of capillary? Fenestrated Sinusoid Continuous Afferent | back 147 fenestrated |
front 148 In which of the following structures would you expect to find the macula densa? Proximal convoluted tubule Glomerulus Distal convoluted tubule Nephron Loop Glomerular capsule | back 148 distal convoluted tubule |
front 149 Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? The diaphragm moves downward. The rib cage is compressed. The thoracic cavity volume decreases. The ribs and sternum move upward. | back 149 the ribs and sternum move upward |
front 150 Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes? mediastinum root fissure pleura | back 150 fissure |
front 151 In which section of the nephron is bicarbonate primarily synthesized and absorbed? Descending limb of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Proximal convoluted tubule Ascending limb of the nephron loop | back 151 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 152 What effect do you expect ANP to have on glomerular filtration? No effect on glomerular filtration rate Decrease glomerular filtration rate Increase glomerular filtration rate | back 152 increase glomerular filtration rate |
front 153 Which of the following muscles are contracted during the expiration phase of forced breathing? Diaphragm External intercostals Erector spinae Internal intercostals | back 153 ALL chosen = .125/.5 .25/.5 erector spinae .125/.5 erector spinae diaphragm .75/1 erector spinae internal intercoastal |
front 154 In which region of the kidney would you expect to find all corpuscles? Cortex Medulla Renal Pelvis Renal Columns | back 154 Cortex |
front 155 Which function(s) of the respiratory system does the nasal cavity contribute towards? Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces Protection of respiratory surfaces Vocalization | back 155 conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces Protection of respiratory surface |
front 156 In which region of the kidney would you expect to find the nephron loops responsible for concentrating urine? Renal Columns Cortex Renal Pelvis Medulla | back 156 Medulla |
front 157 The kidney is only innervated by autonomic neurons associated with the parasympathetic system. True False | back 157 False |
front 158 You embark on a hiking trip on Mt. Kilimanjaro (altitude = 19,000 ft; Atmospheric air pressure = 379 mmHg). As you ascend, what happens to the PO 2 in the alveoli? No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air. Alveolar PO 2 decreases. Alveolar PO 2 increases. | back 158 Alveolar PO2 decreases. |
front 159 Carl has hypothyroidism and therefore his Na +/K + ATPase pumps are functioning at a reduced rate. Will there be any effect on the transport of Na +? There will be a reduction in Na + transport in Bowman's capsule epithelial cells. There will be a reduction in ATP-dependent, Na + transport on the apical side of the tubule epithelial cells. There will be no change to Na + transport. There will be a reduction in Na + secretion on both sides of the tubule epithelial cells. There will be a reduction in Na + transport on the basolateral side of the tubule epithelial cells. | back 159 There will be a reduction in Na + transport on the basolateral side of the tubule epithelial cells. |
front 160 The right kidney is slightly lower because ________. it is slightly smaller it is displace by the heart it needs protection of the lower ribs it is displaced by the liver | back 160 it is displaced by the liver |
front 161 What is the function of perirenal fat? It acts as an anchor, adhering the kidneys to the posterior abdominal wall It serves as the primary fuel source for ATP production for nephron function It serves as the primary energy reserves for gluconeogenesis It acts as a cushion/insulator for protection | back 161 It acts as a cushion/insulator for protection |
front 162 All of the following substances are present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney, but which one is NOT normally present in urine? Ca 2+ HPO4 2- K +H + Glucose | back 162 Glucose |
front 163 Which function(s) of the respiratory system do dust cells contribute towards? Conduction of gases to respiratory surfaces Vocalization Protection of respiratory surfaces Exchange of gases at respiratory surfaces | back 163 Protection of respiratory surfaces |
front 164 What effect do you expect NO to have on glomerular filtration? No effect on glomerular filtration rate Increase glomerular filtration rate Decrease glomerular filtration rate | back 164 increase glomerular filtration rate |
front 165 Where does the majority of water reabsorption take place in the nephron? Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubule Glomerulus Descending limb of the nephron loop Capsular space Proximal convoluted tubule Ascending limb of the nephron loop | back 165 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 166 The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body. pulmonary interlobular respiratory bronchial | back 166 NOT: pulmonary |
front 167 Total-body balance of water and Na + is largely maintained by regulating urinary loss of these substances. True False | back 167 True |
front 168 Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the ________. glomerulus Bowman's capsule calyces renal papillae | back 168 Bowman's capsule |
front 169 In which section of the nephron is no water reabsorbed? Descending limb of the nephron loop Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubule Ascending limb of the nephron loop | back 169 Ascending limb of the nephron loop |
front 170 If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________. you would develop systemic edema you would retain excess Na+ you would lose vitamins and electrolytes you would suffer severe dehydration | back 170 you would suffer severe dehydration |
front 171 What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone? decreased blood pressure increased blood pressure increased Na+ levels decreased Na+ levels | back 171 increased blood pressure |
front 172 Select all of the following that are components of the filtration membrane? Plasma proteins Endothelium Podocytes Glomerular capsule space Basement membrane | back 172 endothelium podocytes basement membrane |
front 173 Which of the following is false with respect to structures of the bronchial tree tructures are named based on diameter and branching order The relative amount of smooth muscle increases with decreased diameter Epithelium changes from PSCC to simple squamous epithelium Supporting cartilage is lost with decreased diameter | back 173 Epithelium changes from PSCC to simple squamous epithelium not; the relative amount of smooth muscle increases with decreased diameter |
front 174 Which of the following is most responsible for keeping the lung surface and the thoracic wall from separating? The force exerted by the external intercostal muscles The presence of surfactant The negative pressure in the alveolar space Sub atmospheric intrapleural pressure Alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure | back 174 NOT: the negative pressure in the alveolar space NOT: the presence of surfactant |
front 175 Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________. normal polyuria anuria oliguria | back 175 anuria |
front 176 Complete the sentence: The cells directly in contact with the glomerulus are____________________. Podocytes Endothelium Simple squamous epithelium Juxtaglomerular cells | back 176 podocytes |
front 177 In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed? The distal convoluted tubule The proximal tubule The ascending limb of the loop of Henle The descending limb of the loop of Henle The collecting ducts | back 177 the proximal convoluted tubule |
front 178 Which of the following is a major function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Produce secretions which influence blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate Concentrat the ultrafiltrate into urine Modify ultrafiltrate through the mechanisms of secretion and absorption Produce secretions which increase calcium absorption from the intestines and ultrafitrate | back 178 produce secretions which influence blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate |
front 179 Which of the following are derived from liver secretions and cause vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels? Vasopressin Angiotensin II Norepinepherine Acetylcholine | back 179 Angiotensin II |
front 180 Which of the following is the pressure term for pressure which keeps the lungs open/inflated? Partial pressure Intrapleural pressure Transpulmonary pressure Intrapulmonary pressure | back 180 transpulmonary pressure |
front 181 Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? residual volume tidal volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume | back 181 residual voume |
front 182 Which of the following would not result in the formation of a memory B cell? Becoming exposed/infected An infant drinking breast milk from an individual that recovered from the illness Receiving a convalescent plasma/blood transfusion from someone that recovered from the illness Receiving a vaccination | back 182 An infant drinking breast milk from an individual that recovered from the illness Receiving a convalescent plasma/blood transfusion from someone that recovered from the illness |
front 183 What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the kidney? Filtration of blood to form ultrafiltrate Secretion of waste products into the urine Regulation of systemic blood pressure Reabsorption of water and electrolytes | back 183 filtration of blood to form ultrafiltrate |
front 184 Which of the following are neurotransmitters that cause vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels? Norepinepherine Acetylcholine Vasopressin Angiotensin II | back 184 Norepinephrine |
front 185 Which of the following are hypothalamic hormones that cause vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels? Angiotensin II Norepinepherine Acetylcholine Vasopressin | back 185 Vasopressin |
front 186 Gas flow decreases as ________ increases. pressure friction airway diameter resistance | back 186 resistance |
front 187 Which of the following forces is the least important factor in glomerular filtration in a healthy individual? Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule Oncotic pressure within the glomerulus Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus Oncotic pressure within the glomerular capsule | back 187 NOT: Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule NOT: Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus |
front 188 Which of the following forces is the most important factor in glomerular filtration in a healthy individual? Oncotic pressure within the glomerulus Oncotic pressure within the glomerular capsule Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capsule Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus | back 188 hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus |
front 189 Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal? ureters nephrons kidneys bladder | back 189 bladder |
front 190 What is the rate-limiting (regulated) step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone? Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney | back 190 conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood |
front 191 Which equation is equal to the net glomerular filtration pressure? GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in Bowman's capsule GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma GFP = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule + osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma GFP = osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma - hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule | back 191 GFP= hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma |
front 192 Which of the following is not a secretion of juxtaglomerular apparatus? Erythropoieten Calcitriol Renin Paracrine messengers | back 192 calcitriol |
front 193 Which type of T cell is responsible for remembering past infections and providing long-term immunity? Helper T cells Regulatory T cells Cytotoxic T cells Memory T cells | back 193 memory T cells |
front 194 If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect? difficulty expressing fluid no difficulty as type I cells can provide enough surfactant for normal breathing difficulty inflating the lungs difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow | back 194 difficulty inflating the lungs |
front 195 What effect do you expect high concentrations of vasopressin to have on glomerular filtration? Increase glomerular filtration rate No effect on glomerular filtration rate Decrease glomerular filtration rate | back 195 decrease glomerular filtration rate |
front 196 Which of the following are forces that act to decrease lung volume and help to generate negative intrapleural pressure? Elasticity of thoracic wall Surface tension within pleural cavity Lung elasticity Surface tension of alveolar fluid | back 196 all chosen = .25/.5 |
front 197 When you take a breath, what is the first type of epithelium encountered by a molecule of air? Olfactory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium PSCC Simple squamous epithelium | back 197 NOT: olfactory epithelium |