Energy

the ability to do work. can be stored or released

work

anything that requires energy

types of energy

heat//chemical

Heat energy

heating molecules up theyll move faster

chemical

energy in chemical bonds, bonds contain chemical energy. When u break a bond u release energy, building a bond requires energy

can energy be stored-released

Energy can be stored or released

potential energy

is stored energy. Chemical energy, in chemical bonds are potential energy

kinetic energy

is the energy of motion, when things are moving its kinetic energy

how can we measure energy in the form of calories?

1cal is = to the amount of heat required to raise 1gram of water to 1 degree C

is matter potential energy or kinetic?

potential energy

why is matter considered potential energy?

All Matter is potential energy bc matter is made of atoms held together by bonds

thermal energy

heat energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules which is kinetic energy

is thermal heat energy kinetic or potential?

kinetic energy

thermodynamics

the study of energy and energy transfermation

2 types of thermodynamic systems

Closed system, open system

closed system

does not exchange energy or material, matter with anything outside of the system. The only truly closed system is the universe

open system

exchange energy and material. All living things are open systems

are biological systems open, or closed systems

open systems

are all living things open systems?

yes.

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy can never be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred or transformed. matter can neither be created or destroyed

what does 1st law of thermodynamics also apply to?

Matter. also called law of conservation of energy of matter

does the amount of energy remain constant in a closed system?

yes

is the amount of energy in the universe constant?

yes

2nd law of thermodynamics

in every reaction transfer or transformation entropy increases. (chaos)

is energy ever completely gone?

Even though energy can be lost from a system to the surroundings, it is never completely gone because of the 1st Law of thermodynamics

what is entropy?

the amount of disorder and chaos, in every reaction some useable energy is lost as heat.

endergonic reactions

require energy, ( energy input) build reactions as in dehydration synthesis.so they don't happen spontaneously

endothermic

if reactions specifically need heat

exergonic reactions

release energy( energy output) , happen spontaneously. Breaks reactions as in hydrolysis.

exothermic

if energy is released as heat

do reactant have a higher energy level than the product? or does the product have higher energy levels than the reactant?

reactants have HIGHER energy levels than the product

gibbs free energy

the energy that's available to do work in the system, its what metabolism is all abt

is free energy, essentially, potential energy?

Free energy is essentially potential energy

Delta G (ΔG)

the change in free energy.

what if ΔG is negative? ( less than 0 )

the reactant is be exergonic

the beginning of exergonic reactions

the reactant has a certain amount of energy . In exergonic reactions, the reactants have more potential energy than the products.

in exergonic, with a 10 and products at 3 what (ΔG) be?

(ΔG) will be negative (-7)

what if (ΔG) is greater than 0?

the reactant is endergonic, an uphill reaction. the product has more energy than the reactant

in endergonic, with a 10, and reactant at 3 what will (ΔG) be?

(ΔG) will be positive 7

spontaneous reactions

occur without additional energy, not instantaneous

the higher the (ΔG) the more...

unstable. more bonds is more free energy, less stability.

what is (ATP)

adenosine triphosphate

adenosine- (p-p-p)- 3 phosphates

whats the bond between phosphate groups ( p - p )?

terminal phosphate bond

terminal phosphate bond

a high energy bond

out of the 3 p-p-p in adenosine-p-p-p,

which p is the terminal phosphate?

the last phosphate

what happened when ATP is used as an energy source?

the phosphate bonds break

phosphorylation

is the addition of a phosphate group to another molecule.

is hydrolysis of ATP exergonic or endergonic?

an exergonic reaction

whats the product of ATP?

ADP+PI

what does hydrolyis of ATP yield?

product with less energy than reactants

what does "gradients are unstable" mean?

that they can hold a lot of potential energy

Activation energy

the energy required to start the reaction, all reactions need some type of activation energy

plants are autotrophs

( self-feeding) they make their own organic molecules

animals are heterotrophs

(consume) organic molecules

Energy intermediates

also called electron carriers

NAD+

grabs electrons, oxidize another molecule

NAD+

(in oxidized form)

+ e- + H to

NADH ( in reduced form ) for gaining electrons

Catalysts

molecules that lower activation energy

enzymes

biological catalysts, usually made of protein but can be made of RNA.

the most important thing about an enzyme (1)

they lower activation energy. They will denature if exposed to unoptimal temps or Ph

the most important thing abt an enzyme (2)

They're unchanged by the reaction. They are neither the reactants nor the products.

Catalase is reusable...

By lowering activation energy enzymes speed up the rate of reaction

enzymes have an active site binding to

the reactant( substrates), the reactant in enyme reactions

Active site is specific to..

the substrate and it matches the size shape and charge

what is it called when enzymes and substrate bond?

substrate complex

lock and key

the enzyme is the lock, the substrate is the key

shape of enzymes active site & substrate matching

The shape of the enzymes active site matches the substrate EXACTLY

in the induced fit model...

the enzyme changes shape to accommodate the substrate

what happens to molecules at lower temperatures?

molecules are moving slower NOT DENATURING

enzymes are saturated

adding more enzymes increase the rate of the reaction as long as substrate is constrant

enzyme inhibition

inhibiting enzymes bc cell wants fewer reactions – if you have to much of something you wont keep making it- cell bothers with inhibition bc it wants to reuse the enzyme

competitive inhibition

the inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for the active site.

in competitive inhibition

Inhibitor mimic the shape of the substrate, blocking it from binding

non-competitive inhibition

inhibitor does not compete for active site, inhibitor binds to a site AWAY from the active site called the allosteric site 9( “allo” away from )

in non-competitive inhibition

Inhibitor bound to the allosteric site causes enzyme to change its shape, so now substrate cannot fit into active site