front 1 Energy | back 1 the ability to do work. can be stored or released |
front 2 work | back 2 anything that requires energy |
front 3 types of energy | back 3 heat//chemical |
front 4 Heat energy | back 4 heating molecules up theyll move faster |
front 5 chemical | back 5 energy in chemical bonds, bonds contain chemical energy. When u break a bond u release energy, building a bond requires energy |
front 6 can energy be stored-released | back 6 Energy can be stored or released |
front 7 potential energy | back 7 is stored energy. Chemical energy, in chemical bonds are potential energy |
front 8 kinetic energy | back 8 is the energy of motion, when things are moving its kinetic energy |
front 9 how can we measure energy in the form of calories? | back 9 1cal is = to the amount of heat required to raise 1gram of water to 1 degree C |
front 10 is matter potential energy or kinetic? | back 10 potential energy |
front 11 why is matter considered potential energy? | back 11 All Matter is potential energy bc matter is made of atoms held together by bonds |
front 12 thermal energy | back 12 heat energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules which is kinetic energy |
front 13 is thermal heat energy kinetic or potential? | back 13 kinetic energy |
front 14 thermodynamics | back 14 the study of energy and energy transfermation |
front 15 2 types of thermodynamic systems | back 15 Closed system, open system |
front 16 closed system | back 16 does not exchange energy or material, matter with anything outside of the system. The only truly closed system is the universe |
front 17 open system | back 17 exchange energy and material. All living things are open systems |
front 18 are biological systems open, or closed systems | back 18 open systems |
front 19 are all living things open systems? | back 19 yes. |
front 20 1st law of thermodynamics | back 20 Energy can never be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred or transformed. matter can neither be created or destroyed |
front 21 what does 1st law of thermodynamics also apply to? | back 21 Matter. also called law of conservation of energy of matter |
front 22 does the amount of energy remain constant in a closed system? | back 22 yes |
front 23 is the amount of energy in the universe constant? | back 23 yes |
front 24 2nd law of thermodynamics | back 24 in every reaction transfer or transformation entropy increases. (chaos) |
front 25 is energy ever completely gone? | back 25 Even though energy can be lost from a system to the surroundings, it is never completely gone because of the 1st Law of thermodynamics |
front 26 what is entropy? | back 26 the amount of disorder and chaos, in every reaction some useable energy is lost as heat. |
front 27 endergonic reactions | back 27 require energy, ( energy input) build reactions as in dehydration synthesis.so they don't happen spontaneously |
front 28 endothermic | back 28 if reactions specifically need heat |
front 29 exergonic reactions | back 29 release energy( energy output) , happen spontaneously. Breaks reactions as in hydrolysis. |
front 30 exothermic | back 30 if energy is released as heat |
front 31 do reactant have a higher energy level than the product? or does the product have higher energy levels than the reactant? | back 31 reactants have HIGHER energy levels than the product |
front 32 gibbs free energy | back 32 the energy that's available to do work in the system, its what metabolism is all abt |
front 33 is free energy, essentially, potential energy? | back 33 Free energy is essentially potential energy |
front 34 Delta G (ΔG) | back 34 the change in free energy. |
front 35 what if ΔG is negative? ( less than 0 ) | back 35 the reactant is be exergonic |
front 36 the beginning of exergonic reactions | back 36 the reactant has a certain amount of energy . In exergonic reactions, the reactants have more potential energy than the products. |
front 37 in exergonic, with a 10 and products at 3 what (ΔG) be? | back 37 (ΔG) will be negative (-7) |
front 38 what if (ΔG) is greater than 0? | back 38 the reactant is endergonic, an uphill reaction. the product has more energy than the reactant |
front 39 in endergonic, with a 10, and reactant at 3 what will (ΔG) be? | back 39 (ΔG) will be positive 7 |
front 40 spontaneous reactions | back 40 occur without additional energy, not instantaneous |
front 41 the higher the (ΔG) the more... | back 41 unstable. more bonds is more free energy, less stability. |
front 42 what is (ATP) | back 42 adenosine triphosphate adenosine- (p-p-p)- 3 phosphates |
front 43 whats the bond between phosphate groups ( p - p )? | back 43 terminal phosphate bond |
front 44 terminal phosphate bond | back 44 a high energy bond |
front 45 out of the 3 p-p-p in adenosine-p-p-p, which p is the terminal phosphate? | back 45 the last phosphate |
front 46 what happened when ATP is used as an energy source? | back 46 the phosphate bonds break |
front 47 phosphorylation | back 47 is the addition of a phosphate group to another molecule. |
front 48 is hydrolysis of ATP exergonic or endergonic? | back 48 an exergonic reaction |
front 49 whats the product of ATP? | back 49 ADP+PI |
front 50 what does hydrolyis of ATP yield? | back 50 product with less energy than reactants |
front 51 what does "gradients are unstable" mean? | back 51 that they can hold a lot of potential energy |
front 52 Activation energy | back 52 the energy required to start the reaction, all reactions need some type of activation energy |
front 53 plants are autotrophs | back 53 ( self-feeding) they make their own organic molecules |
front 54 animals are heterotrophs | back 54 (consume) organic molecules |
front 55 Energy intermediates | back 55 also called electron carriers |
front 56 NAD+ | back 56 grabs electrons, oxidize another molecule |
front 57 NAD+ (in oxidized form) + e- + H to | back 57 NADH ( in reduced form ) for gaining electrons |
front 58 Catalysts | back 58 molecules that lower activation energy |
front 59 enzymes | back 59 biological catalysts, usually made of protein but can be made of RNA. |
front 60 the most important thing about an enzyme (1) | back 60 they lower activation energy. They will denature if exposed to unoptimal temps or Ph |
front 61 the most important thing abt an enzyme (2) | back 61 They're unchanged by the reaction. They are neither the reactants nor the products. |
front 62 Catalase is reusable... | back 62 By lowering activation energy enzymes speed up the rate of reaction |
front 63 enzymes have an active site binding to | back 63 the reactant( substrates), the reactant in enyme reactions |
front 64 Active site is specific to.. | back 64 the substrate and it matches the size shape and charge |
front 65 what is it called when enzymes and substrate bond? | back 65 substrate complex |
front 66 lock and key | back 66 the enzyme is the lock, the substrate is the key |
front 67 shape of enzymes active site & substrate matching | back 67 The shape of the enzymes active site matches the substrate EXACTLY |
front 68 in the induced fit model... | back 68 the enzyme changes shape to accommodate the substrate |
front 69 what happens to molecules at lower temperatures? | back 69 molecules are moving slower NOT DENATURING |
front 70 enzymes are saturated | back 70 adding more enzymes increase the rate of the reaction as long as substrate is constrant |
front 71 enzyme inhibition | back 71 inhibiting enzymes bc cell wants fewer reactions – if you have to much of something you wont keep making it- cell bothers with inhibition bc it wants to reuse the enzyme |
front 72 competitive inhibition | back 72 the inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for the active site. |
front 73 in competitive inhibition | back 73 Inhibitor mimic the shape of the substrate, blocking it from binding |
front 74 non-competitive inhibition | back 74 inhibitor does not compete for active site, inhibitor binds to a site AWAY from the active site called the allosteric site 9( “allo” away from ) |
front 75 in non-competitive inhibition | back 75 Inhibitor bound to the allosteric site causes enzyme to change its shape, so now substrate cannot fit into active site |