what is composed of flexible cartilage which is enclosed with skin?

auricle (pinna)

what is slightly curved, contains sebaceous and ceruminous glands?

external auditory meatus

The external ear consists of

The auricle(pina), and external auditory meatus.

what separates the external and middle ear and vibrates when hearing?

tympanic membrane

what is hammer-shaped and transmits vibrations from eardrum to inner ear?

malleus

what is the most superior part of the cavity and is a moveable joint; is anvil-shaped, the largest ossicle; transmits vibrations from malleus to stapes; articulates with head of the malleus

Incus

what is the Smallest ossicle, the smallest bone in the human body; stirrup shaped; footplate goes into an oval window.

stapes

what contains auditory ossicles and is between the medial part of the eardrum and bony wall of the inner ear?

tympanic cavity

what connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, is 4cm, travels downward, and maintains an equal amount of pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane; pressure allows air to flow from the nasal cavity to the middle ear?

Beginning of eustachian tube

the middle ear consists of?

the tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles; malleus, incus, Stapes

What have hollow channels filled with perilymph fluid (plasma & CSF)

bony labyrinth

what is associated with equilibrium?

the vestibule and three semicircular canals- bony labyrinth

what consists of the inner ear?

bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, oval window, round window, cochlea, semicircular canals

what is the main hearing organ, spiral-shaped embedded into the temporal bone and connected to the cerebrum by the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Cochlea

the cochlea is divided into 3 chambers

scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media

what is filled with perilymph?

scala vestibuli

what is considered as the second chamber within the cochlea?

scala tympani

what is located on the cochlear duct, third chamber, and contains endolymph

scala media

what is located between the scala vestibule and tympani

cochlear duct

what is seperated by the vestibular membrane?

scala vestibuli

what is separated by a basilar membrane?

tympani

what holds the organ of corti?

basilar membrane

what is formed with auditory receptors cells, receives/conducts sound stimulus, hair cells in the organs of corti stimulates cochlear nerve

organ corti

what is converted into info for the brain to process in the cochlea and is known as the sensorineural mechanism

Nerve impulses

nerve impulses travel to?

common vestibule, auditory area, central nervous system (temporal lobe)

a series of vibrations is often referred to as?

sound waves

sound travels from

the outer ear, middle ear, malleus, incus, stapes, move in out of the oval window, inner ear, cochlea

What causes damage to stapes?

osteosclerosis

osteosclerosis is?

an abnormal growth of bone that hardens at the base of the stapes in the middle ear resulting in hearing loss due to the inability to vibrate.

who discovered osteosclerosis?

Antonio Maria Valsalva

hearing loss due to a lesion or disorder affecting ear canal/ middle ear

conductive hearing

hearing loss due to a disorder in the inner ear or affecting the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve)

sensorineural hearing

Biology confirmed with

audiogram and CT scan

who is affected by otosclerosis?

3 million American 10% of the population

Caucasian or Asian American

Ages between 10-30

women

pregnant women

Gene (25% if one parent, 50% if both parent)

Treatment:

originally entire stapes was removed

currently entire removal of stapes is removed if stapes is SEVERELY damaged

what is used to gain function and movement of stapes in order to restore hearing

Prosthesis

what is the most used prosthetics?

its comprised of a piston with a wire loop.

what type of prosthetics is used to crimp the wire loop around the incus

laser

reasons why surgery may not be recommended

active external or middle ear infection

pre-existing perforation of the tympanic membrane

Patient anatomy (inner ear malformations)

poor physical health

What is the second most common cause of failure

necrosis of the incus

Patient positioning is?

supine and head turned to the non-operative side

Patient prep:

patient eyes are taped

circulator places grounding pad on thigh

Surgeon shaves small amount of hair behind the ear using clippers

patient prepped with betadine

Patient draping

surgical tech drapes microscope

patient is draped with an aperture drape and followed with ENT split drape

Anesthesia:

general anesthesia administered a dose of 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 of epi auricle and ear canal

wound is closed with

3-0 polyglactin on 910 suture, tissue adhesive, and steri strips.

a measurement of the length from the underside of the incus to the hole made in the footplate is made for

the prosthesis using the measuring rod.

Dressings:

Wicks soaked in saline may be placed for any drainage

Bacitracin may also be injected into the ear

A cotton ball covered in bacitracin is placed into the ear

The dressing is applied and then fastened around the head.

Recovery -> post-op for patients:

avoid driving for at least a week to avoid inflammation and possible displacement

The patient will receive antibiotic drops for the following week

packing and suturing will be removed from the ear in 7 days.

Avoid lifting heavy objects Ride in an airplane, blow their nose

swim for three weeks

do not get your ear wet to avoid inner ear infections can cause hearing loss

avoid loud noises.

Audiogram is done for aftercare between?

1-4 months

An audiogram is done depending on?

how long patient can regain hearing

for revision surgery audiogram will not be done until?

3-6 months.