Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to

View Protozoa and bacteria

The microbes commonly known as __________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally
motile

protozoa

Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE

They are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals

Microbes that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen are called

facultative anaerobes

Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous
generation?

Needham

The microbial production of alcohol from sugar is known as

Fermentation

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE

Fungi are photosynthetic

Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates is FALSE?

A suspected pathogen must be able to be grown in the laboratorY

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of
infections during surgery?

Lister

The study of the body's defenses against pathogens is called

Immunology

Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as

What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?

The microbial activity of __________ is responsible for the production of various foods.

Both fungi and bacteria

What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into
evolutionary relationships between organisms such as microbes?

Pauling

Work by __________ laid the foundations of the field of environmental microbiology

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are true of basic biochemical
reactions?

Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons
and hydrogen ions.

Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following
diseases?

Puerperal fever

Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat

Syphilis

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

They are visible with a light microscope.

The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a __________ pathogen.

Viral

All of the following individuals were involved in improving public health in the 19th century
EXCEPT

Spallanzani

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an example of which of the following types of microbes?

Fungus

Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein
is an example of

Genetic engineering

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous
generation?

The flasks he used were sealed with corks

Proteins that promote chemical reactions in the cell are called

Enzymes

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?

They are the microbes most similar to plants.

Which of the following scientists was the first to develop a taxonomic system for classifying
organisms?

Linnaeus

Which of the following is NOT an observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of
grape juice?

Pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice

Put the following events in the history of microbiology in order, from the earliest to the
latest:
I. Leeuwenhoek observes microbes using a microscope.
II. Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation.
III. Woese discovers the archaea.
IV. Fracastoro proposes that "germs" cause disease.
V. Ehrlich discovers the first "magic bulle

IV, I, II, V, III

John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of
the following branches of microbiology?

both infection control and epidemiology

Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT
A) the cause of anthrax.
B) the cause of fermentation.
C) development of a method to prove the cause of an infectious disease.
D) the cause of tuberculosis.
E) techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory

The cause of fermentation

Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing?

protozoa: multicellular

What was the first disease proven to be bacterial in origin?

Anthrax

The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious
disease by

developing methods for reducing nosocomial infections.

Who discovered penicillin?

Fleming

All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease EXCEPT

Pauling

Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called

Prokaryotic

The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is

Antisepsis

The term __________ refers to an infection acquired in a health care setting.

Nosocomial

The term __________ literally means "produces disease."

pathogen

The study of the causation of disease is known as

etiology

The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is

bioremediation

The term __________ means the study of the blood components that fight infection.

serology

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as

Epidemiology

The taxonomic scheme developed by Linnaeus remains largely unchanged in modern biology.

False

Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups.

True

The production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli is an example of bioremediation.

False

Walter Reed proved that a virus causes yellow fever in humans.

True

Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease.

False

Koch's postulates can be used only to prove the causes of infectious diseases.

True

Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using
chlorinated lime water.

False

Robert Koch developed a vaccine to prevent anthrax after identifying the causative agent

False

Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells.

True

Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous
generation of microorganisms.

True

Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source. This is an
example of

responsiveness

Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial flagella

tubulin

Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE

Reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism

Bacterial pili can be described as

specialized fimbriae

Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the
creation of biofilms?

both fimbriae and glycocalyces

Short, hairlike structures used only by eukaryotic cells for movement are called

cilia

A bacterial cell moving toward light would be an example of

positive phototaxis

Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella is FALSE?

Prokaryotic flagella are composed of tubulin

Which of the following statements concerning pili is FALSE?

Pili are longer than fimbriae and flagella

Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial cell walls?

Tubulin

Bacterial cell walls that are resistant to drying contain

Waxes

Lipid A is also known as

endotoxin

Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma are distinguished from other bacterial cells by

the absence of a cell wall

Lipid-soluble molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane by
which of the following processes?

diffusion

ATP is expended in which of the following processes?

both active transport and group
translocation

Which of the following statements concerning osmosis is FALSE?

During osmosis, water crosses to the side of the membrane with a lower solute concentration.

Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of

dipicolinic acid

The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell performs all of the following functions EXCEPT

transfer of genetic material between cells

Which of the following is unique to archaea?

Hami

When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, they lose water and shrivel. This
process is called

crenation

Which of the following statements concerning endocytosis and exocytosis is CORRECT?

Endocytosis produces a structure called a food vesicle

One lipid found in eukaryotes but NOT in prokaryotes is

steroid

Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE?

Centrioles are found in all organisms except prokaryotes

Which of the following is classified as a membranous organelle of eukaryotic cells?

endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is NOT associated with the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

Cristae

Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is CORRECT?

The ER is a transport system within the cytoplasm

Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing most of the ATP
in a eukaryotic cell?

mitochondrion

Chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in that they have

light-harvesting pigments

Which of the following is paired INCORRECTLY?

algae: glycocalyx present

Which of the following statements concerning the endosymbiotic theory is FALSE?

Eukaryotes were formed from the union of small anaerobic cells by larger aerobic cells

Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

packages cellular secretions

The accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate inside a bacterial cell via
phosphorylation of glucose is an example of

group translocation

Which of the following molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic
membrane rapidly and without the use of transport proteins?

small hydrophobic molecules

Which of the following processes requires a carrier protein?

Both facilitated diffusion and active transport

Which of the following chemical substances contributes to the unique characteristics of
acid- fast bacteria?

mycolic acid

The cytoplasmic membranes of ______ contain phospholipids and proteins

both bacterial and eukaryotic cells

Membrane rafts are found in the cytoplasmic membranes of

Eukaryotes

Endocytosis and exocytosis are means of transport used by

eukaryotes

Some ______ use group translocation as a means of transport.

Bacteria

Hopanoids are found in cytoplasmic membranes.

Bacterial

The cell walls of ______ contain peptidoglycan.

Bacteria

Cytoplasmic membranes of ______ are composed of phospholipids.

both bacteria and eukaryotes

Some members of ______ have hami.

Archaea

_______ may have pili.

Bacteria

______ may have flagella.

Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes

Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids?

Gram-positive bacteria

The cell walls of ______ contain tetrapeptides.

both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following have external structures containing a periplasmic space

Gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following prokaryotic cells contain an outer membrane?

Gram-negative bacteria

The cytoplasmic membranes of _____ contain lipids.

all prokaryotes

Chloroplasts use light energy to produce ATP and
carbohydrates

True

Peroxisomes contain enzymes used to digest nutrients that have been brought into
the cell through phagocytosis.

False

Bacterial protein synthesis can begin before the reading of the gene is
complete.

True

All cell membranes contain phospholipids and a wide variety of
proteins.

False

The process of facilitated diffusion requires an input of energy.

False

Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of 60S and 40S subunits.

True

Lysosomes result from the endocytosis of food particles by eukaryotic cells

False

Formation of a biofilm may contribute to bacteria's ability to cause disease

True

Chromatin is composed of DNA and special packaging proteins called hopanoids.

False

The Golgi body prepares cellular products for
export.

True

Which of the following statements concerning cellular metabolism is FALSE?

Macromolecules are converted into cell structures via catabolism

Anabolic reactions may be characterized as

forming large molecules from smaller molecules

Which of the following statements concerning reduction reactions is FALSE?

An electron acceptor becomes more positively charged

The molecule that an enzyme acts upon is known as its

Substrate

Which of the following statements concerning enzymes is FALSE?

They function best at 37°C.

Sulfanilamide is an antimicrobial drug that mimics the shape of an important substrate
for a particular bacterial enzyme, thereby inhibiting the enzyme. This type of inhibition is
known as

competitive inhibition

Which of the following produces NADPH?

Both the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways

Which of the following statements concerning glycolysis is TRUE?

It both requires the input of ATP and produces ATP

Carbon dioxide is a by-product of which of the following?

The Krebs cycle

Pyruvic acid is a product of

both glycolysis and the Entner-Doudoroff
pathway

All of the following are forms of oxidation EXCEPT

substrate level phosphorylation

Which of the following can be the final electron receptor in anaerobic respiration in bacteria?

both nitrate and sulfate

Which of the following types of carrier molecules is NOT found in electron transport chains?

hemoglobin

All of the following are associated with chemiosmosis EXCEPT

beta-oxidation

Which of the following is a by-product of the catabolism of protein

ammonia

What is the purpose of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

production of ATP and NADPH

Which of the following is (are) common to chemiosmosis and the light-dependent
reactions of photosynthesis?

both electron transport and a proton gradient

Which of the following statements concerning the Krebs cycle is FALSE?

Two molecules of acetyl-CoA generate more ATP after two cycles than a single molecule of glucose at the end of glycolysis.

How many ATP molecules can be produced from the NADH generated by the catabolism of a molecule of glucose?

30

Types of chlorophyll differ in the

wavelengths of light they absorb

Membranes containing the photosystems necessary for photosynthesis are called

thylakoids

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids produces a substrate of

the Krebs cycle

Which of the following is associated with the Calvin-Benson cycle?

RuBP

What is the major product of the Calvin-Benson cycle that can then be used to form glucose?

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Chemical reactions that can proceed toward either anabolism or catabolism are called

Amphibolic

If a cell reverses the process of beta-oxidation, which of the following molecules will it make?

Fatty acids

When a cell forms an amino acid by adding an amine group derived from ammonia
to a precursor metabolite, this process is called

Amination

The conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates is an example of

gluconeogenesis

All of the following are aspects of a cell's ability to regulate its metabolism EXCEPT

use of the same coenzymes for anabolic and catabolic reactions that share substrate molecules.

The metabolic processes called fermentation

use an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor

Which of the following is a TRUE statement concerning the structure and
function of enzymes?

After an enzyme has catalyzed a reaction, it resumes its original shape and can interact
with a new substrate molecule

In which of the following stages of glycolysis is ATP made?

energy-conserving stage

Where is the most ATP generated for most eukaryotic cells?

in the mitochondrial matrix

The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA can be described as ______, because a
molecule of CO2 is produced as a by-product

decarboxylation

Although glycolysis requires an input of ATP, this pathway results in a net gain of two
ATP; therefore it is a(n) pathway.

exergonic

Enzymes known as lyases participate in _____ reactions.

Catabolic

Reactions involving isomerases are

neither anabolic nor catabolic.

Reactions catalyzed by transferases are

anabolic

Oxidoreductases participate in ______ reactions.

both anabolic and catabolic

Hydrolases are generally involved in ______ reactions.

catabolic

Reactions involving ligases are typically _____ reactions.

anabolic

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during the _____ stage(s) of glycolysis.

both energy-investment and energy-conservation

The production of NADH takes place during the _____ stage(s) of glycolysis.

energy-conservation

Glucose enters glycolysis at the _____ stage(s).

energy-investment

The intermediate known as DHAP is formed during the ____ stage(s) of glycolysis.

lysis

Reactions that are both catabolic and anabolic are
amphibolic.

True

NAD+ and NADP+ are important examples of both coenzymes and electron carriers.

True

Environmental changes can result in the inactivation of
enzymes.

True

As the concentration of substrate increases, the activity of the enzyme decreases.

False

Ribozymes are enzymes that cleave the subunits of the
ribosome.

False

During chemiosmosis, electrons are pumped across a membrane to produce
ATP.

False

Fermentation pathways provide a cell with an alternative way to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis.

True

Glucose is used as an energy source only when proteins and fats are not available.

False

Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by an organism and so must be provided as nutrients.

True

The pentose phosphate pathway generates all the necessary precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis.

False