Microbiology Exam Flashcards

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to

The microbes commonly known as __________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally
motile

Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE

Microbes that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen are called

Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous
generation?

The microbial production of alcohol from sugar is known as

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE

Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates is FALSE?

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of
infections during surgery?

The study of the body's defenses against pathogens is called

Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as

The microbial activity of __________ is responsible for the production of various foods.

What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into
evolutionary relationships between organisms such as microbes?

Work by __________ laid the foundations of the field of environmental microbiology

According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are true of basic biochemical
reactions?

Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following
diseases?

Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a __________ pathogen.

All of the following individuals were involved in improving public health in the 19th century
EXCEPT

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an example of which of the following types of microbes?

Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein
is an example of

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous
generation?

Proteins that promote chemical reactions in the cell are called

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?

Which of the following scientists was the first to develop a taxonomic system for classifying
organisms?

Which of the following is NOT an observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of
grape juice?

Put the following events in the history of microbiology in order, from the earliest to the
latest:
I. Leeuwenhoek observes microbes using a microscope.
II. Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation.
III. Woese discovers the archaea.
IV. Fracastoro proposes that "germs" cause disease.
V. Ehrlich discovers the first "magic bulle

John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of
the following branches of microbiology?

Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT
A) the cause of anthrax.
B) the cause of fermentation.
C) development of a method to prove the cause of an infectious disease.
D) the cause of tuberculosis.
E) techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory

Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing?

What was the first disease proven to be bacterial in origin?

The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious
disease by

Who discovered penicillin?

All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease EXCEPT

Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called

The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is

The term __________ refers to an infection acquired in a health care setting.

The term __________ literally means "produces disease."

The study of the causation of disease is known as

The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is

The term __________ means the study of the blood components that fight infection.

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as

The taxonomic scheme developed by Linnaeus remains largely unchanged in modern biology.

Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups.

The production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli is an example of bioremediation.

Walter Reed proved that a virus causes yellow fever in humans.

Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease.

Koch's postulates can be used only to prove the causes of infectious diseases.

Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using
chlorinated lime water.

Robert Koch developed a vaccine to prevent anthrax after identifying the causative agent

Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells.

Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous
generation of microorganisms.

Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source. This is an
example of

Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial flagella

Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE

Bacterial pili can be described as

Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the
creation of biofilms?

Short, hairlike structures used only by eukaryotic cells for movement are called

A bacterial cell moving toward light would be an example of

Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella is FALSE?

Which of the following statements concerning pili is FALSE?

Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial cell walls?

Bacterial cell walls that are resistant to drying contain

Lipid A is also known as

Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma are distinguished from other bacterial cells by

Lipid-soluble molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane by
which of the following processes?

ATP is expended in which of the following processes?

Which of the following statements concerning osmosis is FALSE?

Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of

The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell performs all of the following functions EXCEPT

Which of the following is unique to archaea?

When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, they lose water and shrivel. This
process is called

Which of the following statements concerning endocytosis and exocytosis is CORRECT?

One lipid found in eukaryotes but NOT in prokaryotes is

Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE?

Which of the following is classified as a membranous organelle of eukaryotic cells?

Which of the following is NOT associated with the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is CORRECT?

Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing most of the ATP
in a eukaryotic cell?

Chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in that they have

Which of the following is paired INCORRECTLY?

Which of the following statements concerning the endosymbiotic theory is FALSE?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

The accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate inside a bacterial cell via
phosphorylation of glucose is an example of

Which of the following molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic
membrane rapidly and without the use of transport proteins?

Which of the following processes requires a carrier protein?

Which of the following chemical substances contributes to the unique characteristics of
acid- fast bacteria?

The cytoplasmic membranes of ______ contain phospholipids and proteins

Membrane rafts are found in the cytoplasmic membranes of

Endocytosis and exocytosis are means of transport used by

Some ______ use group translocation as a means of transport.

Hopanoids are found in cytoplasmic membranes.

The cell walls of ______ contain peptidoglycan.

Cytoplasmic membranes of ______ are composed of phospholipids.

Some members of ______ have hami.

_______ may have pili.

______ may have flagella.

Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids?

The cell walls of ______ contain tetrapeptides.

Which of the following have external structures containing a periplasmic space

Which of the following prokaryotic cells contain an outer membrane?

The cytoplasmic membranes of _____ contain lipids.

Chloroplasts use light energy to produce ATP and
carbohydrates

Peroxisomes contain enzymes used to digest nutrients that have been brought into
the cell through phagocytosis.

Bacterial protein synthesis can begin before the reading of the gene is
complete.

All cell membranes contain phospholipids and a wide variety of
proteins.

The process of facilitated diffusion requires an input of energy.

Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of 60S and 40S subunits.

Lysosomes result from the endocytosis of food particles by eukaryotic cells

Formation of a biofilm may contribute to bacteria's ability to cause disease

Chromatin is composed of DNA and special packaging proteins called hopanoids.

The Golgi body prepares cellular products for
export.

Which of the following statements concerning cellular metabolism is FALSE?

Anabolic reactions may be characterized as

Which of the following statements concerning reduction reactions is FALSE?

The molecule that an enzyme acts upon is known as its

Which of the following statements concerning enzymes is FALSE?

Sulfanilamide is an antimicrobial drug that mimics the shape of an important substrate
for a particular bacterial enzyme, thereby inhibiting the enzyme. This type of inhibition is
known as

Which of the following produces NADPH?

Which of the following statements concerning glycolysis is TRUE?

Carbon dioxide is a by-product of which of the following?

Pyruvic acid is a product of

All of the following are forms of oxidation EXCEPT

Which of the following can be the final electron receptor in anaerobic respiration in bacteria?

Which of the following types of carrier molecules is NOT found in electron transport chains?

All of the following are associated with chemiosmosis EXCEPT

Which of the following is a by-product of the catabolism of protein

What is the purpose of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Which of the following is (are) common to chemiosmosis and the light-dependent
reactions of photosynthesis?

Which of the following statements concerning the Krebs cycle is FALSE?

How many ATP molecules can be produced from the NADH generated by the catabolism of a molecule of glucose?

Types of chlorophyll differ in the

Membranes containing the photosystems necessary for photosynthesis are called

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids produces a substrate of

Which of the following is associated with the Calvin-Benson cycle?

What is the major product of the Calvin-Benson cycle that can then be used to form glucose?

Chemical reactions that can proceed toward either anabolism or catabolism are called

If a cell reverses the process of beta-oxidation, which of the following molecules will it make?

When a cell forms an amino acid by adding an amine group derived from ammonia
to a precursor metabolite, this process is called

The conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates is an example of

All of the following are aspects of a cell's ability to regulate its metabolism EXCEPT

The metabolic processes called fermentation

Which of the following is a TRUE statement concerning the structure and
function of enzymes?

In which of the following stages of glycolysis is ATP made?

Where is the most ATP generated for most eukaryotic cells?

The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA can be described as ______, because a
molecule of CO2 is produced as a by-product

Although glycolysis requires an input of ATP, this pathway results in a net gain of two
ATP; therefore it is a(n) pathway.

Enzymes known as lyases participate in _____ reactions.

Reactions involving isomerases are

Reactions catalyzed by transferases are

Oxidoreductases participate in ______ reactions.

Hydrolases are generally involved in ______ reactions.

Reactions involving ligases are typically _____ reactions.

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during the _____ stage(s) of glycolysis.

The production of NADH takes place during the _____ stage(s) of glycolysis.

Glucose enters glycolysis at the _____ stage(s).

The intermediate known as DHAP is formed during the ____ stage(s) of glycolysis.

Reactions that are both catabolic and anabolic are
amphibolic.

NAD+ and NADP+ are important examples of both coenzymes and electron carriers.

Environmental changes can result in the inactivation of
enzymes.

As the concentration of substrate increases, the activity of the enzyme decreases.

Ribozymes are enzymes that cleave the subunits of the
ribosome.

During chemiosmosis, electrons are pumped across a membrane to produce
ATP.

Fermentation pathways provide a cell with an alternative way to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis.

Glucose is used as an energy source only when proteins and fats are not available.

Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by an organism and so must be provided as nutrients.

The pentose phosphate pathway generates all the necessary precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis.