Information processing model

1. Perception
2. Perception leads to action
3. Feedback influences perception

Information processing model

Perception

• Meaning attached to sensory
• Information thru mental processes
  • After info received the input

Information processing model

Perception leads to action

• Person + object physical characteristics
  
  • Size of person = strength of person
• Environment
  • Rainy = slippery ball
• Emotion + memory
  • Remember time you blocked

Information processing mode

Feedback influences perception

• Info from coach on perception
• Organize and execute selected response

Ecological approach

• Affordances
• Relationship

Ecological approach
Affordances

• Action possibilities of the environment and task
  • In relation to own abilities
• Directly perceived

Ecological approach
Direct relationship between perception and action

• Cause and effect
• More direct + immediate to determine action

Movement time

• interval between initiation of movement and completed response
• time btn start and end of movement

response time

• interval/time between stimulus being presented and completed (of movement)
• COMBO OF BOTH = reaction time and movement time

Reaction time

• time between presentation/show/appearance of stimulus and initiation/start of response
• depends on processing demand of situation

factors influencing reaction time

• number of response stimulus
• anticipation
• foreperiod consistancy
• psychological refractory period
• stimulus-response compatibility

Reaction time and incertainty

• good to lower uncertainty
• Hick's law
• Low reaction time + Low stimulus
  • sprinter (just sprint off block at gunshot)
• High reaction time + High stimulus
  • shortstop (throw at bases, players, time)

Reaction time

Anticipation

• depends on performer's ability to predict or detect precues
  • EX: PT decide when to help in a balance exercise
• situation, opponent, environment, etc.
• can be learned through practice and study
  • EX: teams watch tape of opponents

Reaction time

Foreperiod consistency

• time between warning signal (set command) and stimulus
• "set" command, ball toss in a server. etc.
• allows for temporal anticipation
  • when the event will occur

Reaction time

psychological refractory period

• delay in response due to a "fake"
• response delay // neds to react quicker = affects anticipation
• can be decreased with practice

Reaction time

stimulus-response compatibility

• how a stimulus and the required response are naturally related (RELATIONSHIP)
  • EX: car back up with trailer (turning w/ wheel is different)
  • EX: aerobics class (instructor mirrors you)
• can be improved with practice
• MIRRORING
  • HIGH compatibility of stimulus-response choice
  • LOW response delays, LOW wrong mvt, help people preform correctly

Attention

limited attentional capacity

• only so many tasks can be completed successfully at the same time
• not pay attention = HIGH distractions
• GOOD/BAD to multitask

Attention

Environmental and task complexity

• simple to complex
• EXAMPLES
  • home vs. work
  • @ clinic => have music on? // open layout? // # of clients at a time
• closed => open environment

Attention

skill level of performer

• one skill or compnent of a skill at a time
• with little kids // LOW learning skill // new environment
• ensure they can do the first task BEFORE adding more tasks

Attention

Number of cues

• small at first (Small => large)
• give 1-2 things to concentrate on
  • the less words = the better
  • EX: lean forward // knees over toes

Attention

selective attention

• the ability to focus on one thing when exposed to a large variety of stimulus
  • "cocktail phenomenon"
  • GOOD/BAD
  • help people to what to attend to

Attention

attentional focus

• WIDTH: amount of information, size of perceptual field (broad vs. narrow)
  • Broad (soccer player on the field) // Narrow (trying to hit a softball)
• DIRECTION
  • Internal: thoughts, specific body movements, etc.
  • External: environment, opponent, movement effects, etc.

Attention focus

1. broad external
2. broad internal
3. narrow external
4. narrow internal

Practical Implications

• focus will dynamically change depending upon the environment and task
• focused attention will enable one to disregard irrelevant information
• coaches can inadvertently p[lace negative focus in an athlete's mins
  • "Don't miss the pitch"
• Instruction should be externally focused, directed at the effects of movements
  • "Imagine you are..." // EX: sit and stand

Arousal

• the general physiological and psychological state of activation
• optimal level for arousal depends on task and performer characteristics
• High arousal = powerlifting / shotput (don't think about movement) (LOW attention demands)

Arousal and Movement

Arousal levels influence attentional focus

• LOW arousal => broad attentional focus
• HIGH arousal => narrow attentional focus
• OPTIMAL arousal -> zone of optional function