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Lecture 2: Movement preparation (MD)

front 1

Information processing model

back 1

  1. Perception
  2. Perception leads to action
  3. Feedback influences perception

front 2

Information processing model

Perception

back 2

  • Meaning attached to sensory
  • Information thru mental processes
    • After info received the input

front 3

Information processing model

Perception leads to action

back 3

  • Person + object physical characteristics
    • Size of person = strength of person
  • Environment
    • Rainy = slippery ball
  • Emotion + memory
    • Remember time you blocked

front 4

Information processing mode

Feedback influences perception

back 4

  • Info from coach on perception
  • Organize and execute selected response

front 5

Ecological approach

back 5

  • Affordances
  • Relationship

front 6

Ecological approach
Affordances

back 6

  • Action possibilities of the environment and task
    • In relation to own abilities
  • Directly perceived

front 7

Ecological approach
Direct relationship between perception and action

back 7

  • Cause and effect
  • More direct + immediate to determine action

front 8

Movement time

back 8

  • interval between initiation of movement and completed response
  • time btn start and end of movement

front 9

response time

back 9

  • interval/time between stimulus being presented and completed (of movement)
  • COMBO OF BOTH = reaction time and movement time

front 10

Reaction time

back 10

  • time between presentation/show/appearance of stimulus and initiation/start of response
  • depends on processing demand of situation

front 11

factors influencing reaction time

back 11

  • number of response stimulus
  • anticipation
  • foreperiod consistancy
  • psychological refractory period
  • stimulus-response compatibility

front 12

Reaction time and incertainty

back 12

  • good to lower uncertainty
  • Hick's law
  • Low reaction time + Low stimulus
    • sprinter (just sprint off block at gunshot)
  • High reaction time + High stimulus
    • shortstop (throw at bases, players, time)

front 13

Reaction time

Anticipation

back 13

  • depends on performer's ability to predict or detect precues
    • EX: PT decide when to help in a balance exercise
  • situation, opponent, environment, etc.
  • can be learned through practice and study
    • EX: teams watch tape of opponents

front 14

Reaction time

Foreperiod consistency

back 14

  • time between warning signal (set command) and stimulus
  • "set" command, ball toss in a server. etc.
  • allows for temporal anticipation
    • when the event will occur

front 15

Reaction time

psychological refractory period

back 15

  • delay in response due to a "fake"
  • response delay // neds to react quicker = affects anticipation
  • can be decreased with practice

front 16

Reaction time

stimulus-response compatibility

back 16

  • how a stimulus and the required response are naturally related (RELATIONSHIP)
    • EX: car back up with trailer (turning w/ wheel is different)
    • EX: aerobics class (instructor mirrors you)
  • can be improved with practice
  • MIRRORING
    • HIGH compatibility of stimulus-response choice
    • LOW response delays, LOW wrong mvt, help people preform correctly

front 17

Attention

limited attentional capacity

back 17

  • only so many tasks can be completed successfully at the same time
  • not pay attention = HIGH distractions
  • GOOD/BAD to multitask

front 18

Attention

Environmental and task complexity

back 18

  • simple to complex
  • EXAMPLES
    • home vs. work
    • @ clinic => have music on? // open layout? // # of clients at a time
  • closed => open environment

front 19

Attention

skill level of performer

back 19

  • one skill or compnent of a skill at a time
  • with little kids // LOW learning skill // new environment
  • ensure they can do the first task BEFORE adding more tasks

front 20

Attention

Number of cues

back 20

  • small at first (Small => large)
  • give 1-2 things to concentrate on
    • the less words = the better
    • EX: lean forward // knees over toes

front 21

Attention

selective attention

back 21

  • the ability to focus on one thing when exposed to a large variety of stimulus
    • "cocktail phenomenon"
    • GOOD/BAD
    • help people to what to attend to

front 22

Attention

attentional focus

back 22

  • WIDTH: amount of information, size of perceptual field (broad vs. narrow)
    • Broad (soccer player on the field) // Narrow (trying to hit a softball)
  • DIRECTION
    • Internal: thoughts, specific body movements, etc.
    • External: environment, opponent, movement effects, etc.

front 23

Attention focus

back 23

  1. broad external
  2. broad internal
  3. narrow external
  4. narrow internal

front 24

Practical Implications

back 24

  • focus will dynamically change depending upon the environment and task
  • focused attention will enable one to disregard irrelevant information
  • coaches can inadvertently p[lace negative focus in an athlete's mins
    • "Don't miss the pitch"
  • Instruction should be externally focused, directed at the effects of movements
    • "Imagine you are..." // EX: sit and stand

front 25

Arousal

back 25

  • the general physiological and psychological state of activation
  • optimal level for arousal depends on task and performer characteristics
  • High arousal = powerlifting / shotput (don't think about movement) (LOW attention demands)

front 26

Arousal and Movement

Arousal levels influence attentional focus

back 26

  • LOW arousal => broad attentional focus
  • HIGH arousal => narrow attentional focus
  • OPTIMAL arousal -> zone of optional function