Era 2

(250,000 years ago - 3,000 BCE)

Longest era in human history (about 95 percent of human existence)

most unknown era

(2) Cognitive Revolution

the dramatic change in the way humans thought/ communicated

started to use art, language, and symbols to communicate

more complex ideas

(2) Collective learning

the ability to share information so ideas can be shared throughout communities and eventually generations

(2) Homo Sapiens

anatomically modern humans

(2) Paleolithic Age

began 2 -2.5 million years ago and ended 10,000 years ago

use of primitive tools for the first time

OLD STONE AGE

(2) foragers

humans that get their food by hunting/gathering

went to look for food and water

(2) hunters and gatherers

someone who got their food based on foraging, hunting or fishing

(2) bands

a small group of people or small society/community.

(2) migration

moving from one place to another

(2) animism

belief that plants, animals and inanimate objects have spirits that can help or harm humans

(2) Neolithic Age

final stage of cultural evolution

started around the years the Paleolithic Age ended (around 8000 BCE)

was the start of farming and domestication of animals

allowed humans to settle down into one place

(2) farmers

some one who grows crops and takes care of animals for production

(2) surplus

after all the needs have been met, there is extra of something

(2) job specialization

people performed specific tasks because of the development of farming

could now spend time withe the development of new jobs such as artisans, merchants, soldiers, priests and etc.

(2) class divisions

where there were different levels of wealth and power between a community

Era 3

(6,000 BCE - 600 CE)

Humans began to produce food, social organization, and interact over longer distances

created civilizations and cities

(3) villages

group of houses and buildings in a rural area

(3) cities

centers or power, manufacturing, and creativity (era 3)

varied in form and function (2250 BCE there were 8 cities with 30,000 people and in 1200 BCE there were 16 cities)

hard to maintain and create because of outside forces and labor

(3) states

a centralized system of government and command

created kings, queens, high officials, priests and generals that also had control over the general public.

innovations in food and sharing, as well as technology

(3) civilization

larger and denser than the farming populations of the Neolithic Era

big concentrations of people as complex societies or civilizations

(3) Mesopotamia

First place where farming developed also where the worlds first/earliest civilization developed

(3) empire

a group of states or countries under a single powerful ruler (emperor and empress)

(3) government

the governing body of a nation, state or community

(3) legal codes

a collection of laws gathered together covering a subject

(3) hierarchy

a system where people/groups are organized into level based on status and wealth

led to patriachy

(3) trade

the action of buying/selling goods and services

(3) merchants

a person who trades goods/services usually from foreign countries

(3) writing

using letters/alphabet to communicate thoughts/ideas

(3) belief systems

a set of ideals or principals that for the basis of religion, philosophy and moral code

came from the development of a new system of writing

(3) portable religion

allowed goods, ideas to be spread

could be transported to different regions, religious practices could now happen anywhere at anytime, usually aided by religious scripture

(3) Eurasia

Europe and Asia

where many early and powerful civilizations were made

(3) AfroEurasia

Africa Europe and Asia

where many civilizations were made

Era 4

Regional webs + long distance commerce

(200 CE - 1500 CE)

contained many great empires until 300 or 400 CE

city-states, kingdoms, and empires

consolidation of religions

(4) Mayan Empire

started as early as 1500 BCE

practiced agriculture

by 200 CE they were more advanced and in cities and larger communities

the culture seemed to end around 900 CE unknown why

(4) Roman Catholic

one of the main religions that developed in Era 4

universal religon

A branch of christianity

universalizing

(4) Jewish Diaspora

Romans drove Jewish people out of the land they lived in

Babylonian Exile that conquered the kingdom of Judah and then removed the Jewish people from their lands

destruction of Jerusalem

spread their culture around the world

(4) Silk Road

caravan trade

silks cottons spices tea horses ceramic wares and other things

shared ideas and beliefs as well as new products and technology

Era 5

1200 CE - 1750 CE

great expansion of global networks that linked communities across the world

5 key transformations in this era

1) societies expanded networks and interacted on a larger scale (of people)

2) Columbian Exchange

3) creation of a global economy

4) Europe rises to a high status in military and political power

5) Intellectual developments

(5) Protestant Reformation

happened in the 1500's (1517)

Because of Martin Luther

separated from the church because of different beliefs in the doctrine

(5) Martin Luther

Began the Protestant Reformation b/c he challenged the Catholic Church

German teacher and Monk

Changed the christian religion forever

(5) printing press

a machine that uses ink to transfer images and pictures onto paper

created as early as 14th century and used greatly in Europe in the 15th century

(5) Scientific revolution

caused the world to think more about nature and human nature

Took place during the 16th and 17th century

changed the way the humans thought about nature and religion, and took a more "practical" way of thinking (scientific method)

(5) Issac Newton

B - December 25, 1642 [January 4, 1643]

D - March 20 [March 31], 1727 (84 Years)

Mathematician and physicist

talked about light and gravity and colors

(5) Enlightenment

1600-1700

in France and England

new ideas on how people should be governed and various ideas of the "social contract" and how governments an it's subjects should interact

inspired revolutions (US FRANCE etc.

more secular governments + more republics

(5) coffee house

in history they were used to have heated debates during Enlightenment

men were welcome women were banned (usually)

(5) social contract theory

means that people live together in society in agreement that established political and social norms (of behavior)

(5) Thomas Hobbes

thought that people were naturally evil, so an absolute ruler is needed to control them *strong ruler to control*

(HOBBES)olute value

(5) John Locke

believed people were made by their experiences

so a better society/government = better people

3 basic/natural rights - life liberty and property -> if u don't get u have the right to have a coup d'teat

LOCK(E) in those basic rights

(5) natural rights

rights that are not dependent on any laws or related to the government (bylaws)

(5) Divine Rights of Kings

a political document that defends monarchical absolutism

thought to show how kings got their right to rule from the God

(5) Columbian Exchange

exchange of plants, animals and microorganisms

linked the two hemispheres (New World and the Old World)

(5) colonies

a group of people of one nationality or ethnic group living in a foreign city or country.

(5) Triangular trade

trade between the America and Afro - Eurasia

Americas gave Europe raw materials and good

Europe gave Africa manufactured goods (GUNS)

Africa gave the Americas slaves

(5) Transatlantic Slave Trade

Part of the Triangular trade

Where people would take people out of Africa and enslaved them to be sent to the Americas to perform coerced labor or forced labor to produce crops and other products that would bring Europe and the American colonies money

(5) Great Dying

where much of the indigenous population was wiped out from diseases brought from the Columbian Exchange

caused Europeans to bring over slaves from aAfrica because they had benefits that Indigenous people did not

(5) demographics

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.