forearm

any hole in a bone

fossa

shallow depression in bone

tubercle

rough raised surface of bone

tuberosity

large rough raised surface of bone

trochanter bone

prominent feature found only on femur

canal bone

deep hole through a thick piece pf bone

spine bone

sharp bone projecting from bone

line bone

slightly raised elevation on bone

ridge bone

higher raised elevation of bone

fissure bone

hole or crack on bone

condyle bone

rounded surface involved articulation of two bone

facet bone

flat surface of bone involve a joint

axial skeleton

skull

hyoid bone

auditory bones

vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)

thorax (sternum, ribs)

skull is composed of :

cranial and facial bones

cranial bones

8 bones surround the brain

unpaired cranial bones

ethmoid, frontal, occipital, and sphenoid bones

paired cranial bones

parietal and temporal bones

facial bones

14 bones that form the face and no brain contact

unpaired facial bones

vomer and mandible bones

paired facial bones

maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic,
palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones

sutures

immovable joints btw skull bones

goes away with aging , commonly small

coronal suture

junction btw frontal and parietal bones

lambdoid suture

junction btw occipital and parietal bones

sagittal suture

junction btw parietal bones

squamous suture

junction btw temporal and parietal bones

2 movable bones in the skull

ossicles and mandible

the cranial fossae

depression in a bone

The floor of the cranial cavity contains three cranial fossae (floors)

• Anterior cranial fossa (frontal lobes)
• Middle cranial fossa (temporal lobes)
• Posterior cranial fossa (cerebellum)

the bones of the orbit (eye socket)

• Frontal
• Lacrimal
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid
• Maxilla
• Zygomatic
• Palatine

nasal cavity

partially cartilage

passage for air during breathing

bones of nasal cavity

• Maxilla
• Ethmoid
• Lacrimal
• Palatine
• Vomer
• Inferior Nasal Conchae

Paranasal Sinuses

Air-filled spaces in skull bones around nasal cavity

oral cavity:

mouth

• Maxillae
• Palatine
• Teeth
• Mandible
• Hyoid bone

frontal bone:

form the forehead and the root of the orbit

Frontal sinuses

parietal bones

four sided bones

forms roof and sides of the cranium

parietal is Connected to other bones with various
sutures:

1. Coronal suture
2. Lambdoid suture
3. Sagittal suture
4. Squamous suture

occipital bone

Forms back of the head and the majority of the
base of the cranium
• Foramen magnum - spinal cord vertebral +spinal arteries

occipital condyles -Articulate with the 1st cervical vertebrae

temporal bones

Form the inferior lateral portion of the
cranium
• Also forms a portion of the cranial floor

key features of the temporal bones

1. Zygomatic Process
2. Styloid process
3. Mastoid process
4. External Auditory Meatus
5. Internal Auditory Meatus
6. Carotid Canal
7. Jugular Foramen

sphenoid bone

butterfly shaped , mid base of skull , houses pituitary glands

Attachment for muscles of
mastication

ethmoid bones

delicate bone btw the orbits

perpendicular plate

superior nasal septum

cribriform plate

• Anterior floor of cranium and roof of nasal cavity
• Contains olfactory foramina
• CN I
• Superior projection: crista galli
• Attachment for falx cerebri

bones of the face

1. nasal bone - near the nose

2. palatine bone - roof of mouth

3. inferior nasal conchae - covered with mucosa - filters air

4. vomer - triangle floor of the nasal cavity

5. lacrimal bones - smallest bone of face gathers tears

6. zygomatic bones - check bones -Attachment of muscles of mastication and facial expression

7. maxilla - upper jaw

8. mandible - lower jawbone largest

parts of the mandible bone

body- mental foramen

rami- mandibular foramen

Condylar process
Coronoid process

the ossicles

• Bones of the middle ear
• Malleus, Incus, Stapes
• Found within the temporal bone
• Transmit and amplify vibrations
from tympanic membrane (ear
drum) to cochlea (inner ear)

the hyoid bone

small u shaped inferior to mandible

not connected to other bones

supports the mouth and neck muscles

the vertebral column

• 26 vertebra
• Cervical 7
• Thoracic 12
• Lumbar 5
• Sacrum 1 (fused)
• Coccyx 1 (fused)
• Intervertebral discs
• 25% of height of column
• Avascular
• Two parts
• Annulus fibrosus: fibrocartilage (in a ring around the outside)
• Nucleus pulposus: soft, mucoid substance (center)

function of the vertebral column

• Encloses and protects spine (nervous tissue)
• Supports head
• Attachment point for ribs, pelvis, and muscles of the back, upper
and lower limbs
• Balance and shock absorption

structure of the vertebral column

Functions to maintain balance while upright, absorb shocks, protection from fracture

Convex (secondary curves)
• Cervical
• Lumbar
• Concave (primary curves)
• Thoracic
• Sacral

Kyphosis: “Hunchback

• Increase in thoracic curve
• Seen in the elderly due to degeneration of
intervertebral discs

Lordosis “Swayback”

• Increase in lumbar curve
• Due to increased weight of abdomen
• Common in pregnancy

Scoliosis

• Lateral bending
• Often in thoracic region
• May be congenital

Herniated Discs

Often seen in the lumbar region of the vertebral
column
• Annulus fibrosis can be weakened and rupture
• Leads to protrusion of the nucleus
pulposus→herniated disc
• May press on spinal nerves, resulting in pain

A “Typical” Vertebra

Processes
• Transverse (2)
• Spinous (1)
• Superior articular (2)
• Inferior articular (2)
• Vertebral foramen/canal
• Intervertebral foramen

cervical

• Flatter and smaller
• Smaller bodies and larger vertebral canals
• Additional hole (transverse foramen) for
vertebral artery (blood supply to brain)

thoracic

• Larger than cervical, smaller than lumbar
• Additional facets

lumbar

Largest of vertebrae with smallest vertebral canal

C1 atlas

• Ring of bone
• No vertebral body or spinous process
• Articulates with occipital condyles to make atlanto-
occipital joint
• Allows to nod head “yes”

C2 axis

• Dens: process which atlas rotates around
• Allows to shake head “no”
• Atlanto-axial joint

sacrum

• Fusion of five vertebrae
• Foundation for pelvic girdle
• Sacral canal

coccyx

Termination of vertebral column
• 3-5 fused vertebrae
• Fusion complete between 20-30 years old
• “Vestigial Tail”

thoracic cage

Bony frame around chest composed of:
• Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
• Ribs laterally
• Sternum anteriorly
• Protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organ

12 pairs of ribs

Articulate posteriorly with thoracic
vertebrae

true ribs

Ribs 1-7
• Connect to sternum via cartilage

false ribs

Ribs 8-10
• Connect via shared cartilage

floating ribs

Ribs 11-12
• Do not join sternum at al

sternum

The “breastbone” in anterior midline
• Three parts
• Manubrium
• Attachment of clavicle & first ribs
• Body
• Attachment of ribs 2 to 10
• Xiphoid process
• Sharp point of bone
• Attachment for some anterior abdominal muscles