cell division

process by which cells make more cells

binary fission

one prokaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter cells

steps of binary fission

1. DNA is attached to cell membrane
2. DNA is copied
3. DNA molec. attached to cell membrane
4. cell elongates/separate DNA attachment sites
5. new call membrane and walls are synthesized
6. two daughter cells formed

asexual reproduction

production of organisms where offspring inherits DNA from a single parent

mitosis

division of nucleus

cytokinsis

division of cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells

chromosomes

cellular structure in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that consist of single DNA molec.

cell cycle

period from when production of a new cell to the time it divides

m phase

parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells

interphase

copying DNA and cell growth, broken into 3 phases

g₁ phase

cell prepares for DNA replication

s phase

DNA molec. copied

g₂ phase

cell prepares for M phase (size and protein content of the cell increases)

sister chromatids

DNA in chromosome duplicated into 2 identical copies

centromere

constrictly holds together sister chromatids

g₀ phase

cells that are not actively dividing

chromatin

highly organized complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins in chromosomes

prophase

1st stage of mitosis

mitotic spindle

groups of fibers made up of microtubules pull chromosomes to opposite ends of dividing cell

cntrosome

in animal cells, the mitotic spindle radiates outward

prometaphase

nuclear envelope breaks down and mitotic spindle attaches to the chromosomes

kinetochores

two protein complexes associated with the centromere of each chromosome

metaphase

when chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the dividing cell

anaphase

next stage of mitosis, sister chromatids separate

telophase

cell prepares for its division into 2 new cells

cancer

mechanisms in cell division fails = death of cell or uncontrolled cell division

cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

activity depends on binding cyclins, allows cell cycle to progress

checkpoint

the activity required for the next step and pauses the cell cycle until preparations are complete or damage is repaired

DNA replication

duplicating a DNA molec.

apoptosis

cells that are programmed to die

p53 protein

DNA damaged by radiation activated that phosphorylates a protein