Motion of Erector Spinae group activated: unilaterally

• flexion (ipsilateral): lateral
• rotation: cervical, thoracic spine and lumbar spines

Motion of Erector Spinae group activated: bilaterally

• extension: back and head
• Forward flexion: thorax

Roles of transverse + spinous processes

• points of attachment (muscle + ligaments)
• leverage: cervical and upper thoracic musculature

Roles of apophyseal joint

• resist intervertebral shear force + intervertebral compressive force

Role of intervertebral discs

• allow movement/mobility between adjacent vertebral bodies
• absorb shock
• transmit loads through the vertebral column
• supporting structure: hold spine together

Roles of ligamentous structures

• prevents them from bending, twisting or tearing
• hold the vertebrae together
• stabilize the spine
• protect the discs

TRUE/FALSE: apopseal joints have roll/side

FALSE

nocebo

• describes the effects of negative expectancies
• you think you'll snap your back = belief will make it easier to do so (even if impossible)

Deep layer of posterior trunk muscles

1. transverspinal muscle
2. intrinsic muscles
3. erectors spinae group
4. short segmental group

Roles of axial skeleton

• provides support and cushioning
  • brain, spinal cord and organs in your body

What motion if right external oblique and left intrinsic oblique is activated?

• lateral rotation: turns trunk to left

Why is flexion torque production is LESS than trunk extension torque?

• ligament prevent spine from collapsing on internal organs

Average angle and mvt affect?

Lumbar

• 50* flexion
• counteracts BW load

Average angle and mvt affect?

Cervical

• 80*-90* flexion+rotatio
• look up/down and right/left

Average angle and mvt affect?

Thoracic

• 30-35* rotation
• HIGH lateral rotation

The Six Kinematic Principles 1

• scapulohumeral rhythm = active simultaneous of 180 degrees
  • 120 degrees of glenohumeral (GH) joint abduction
  • 60 degrees scapulothoracic upward rotation

The Six Kinematic Principles 2

• 60 degrees of upward rotation of the scapula during full shoulder abduction
  • simultaneous

The Six Kinematic Principles 3

• clavicle retracts at the sternoclavicular joint(SC) during shoulder abduction

The Six Kinematic Principles 4

scapular posteriorly tilts & externally rotates (@full shoulder abduction)

The Six Kinematic Principles 5

clavicle posteriorly rotates around OWN axis @shoulder abduction

The Six Kinematic Principles 6

GH joint externally rotates during shoulder abduction

muscle for scpulathoracic protraction

serratus anterior

roles of transverse carpal ligament

• pulley for the flexor tendons
• anchoring the thenar and hypothenar muscles
• stabilizing the bony structure
• wrist proprioception

role of extensor reticulum

• prevent dorsal bowstringing of the extensor tendons
• prevent radial and ulnar displacement of extensor tendons

arthokinematics: proximal carpal bones on distal

concave on convex

why is wrist flexion and ulnar deviation greater than extension and radial deviation?

• ulnocarpal space offers little resistance to the path of ulnar deviation
• distally projecting styloid process of the radius blocks the extremes of radial deviation.

Role of the IOM

• longitudinal and transversal stability of the forearm
  • prevent lateral compression
• aid with transfering forces from radius to ulna (distracting force)

Bones of hand

1. Phalanges.
2. Metacarpal bones
3. Carpal bones.

AROM of hand

1. finger motion (A-D)
2. thumb motion (E-I)
   1. finger adduction // thumb flexion // thumb exension
3. Thumb abduction
4. Thumb adduction
5. thumb opposition

Joints of hand

1. Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP)
2. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP Joint) ...
3. Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCP joint)
4. Carpometacarpal Joint (CMC Joint)

Bones of wrist

1. distal forearm
2. carpal bones
3. carpal tunnel

What is better: static friction or dynamic friction?

dynamic friction

When is velocity zero?

At max height or apex

Why does speed kill?

• Creates an overall increased value of kinetic energy because velocity is already squared

What is bone stronger against?

compression

what is bone weaker against?

shear force

What determines stretch?

• GTO
• muscle spindles

Why is bone density not best through endurance?

• slower and longer speed = bone becomes desensitized to repetition loading
• can increase the load

What are class 1 levers?

• HUGE output force + SMALL distance

What are class 3 levers?

• LOW output force = HUGE distance

Shear stain curve points

1. Elastic Limit/strain
2. Yield point
3. Lower Yield point/plastic region
4. Ultimate strength
5. Rupture strength/fracture/injury

HIP: why is slight anterior convexity important?

Achieve neutral alignment of the pelvis for weight bearing on the ITs

Inominate bones

1. illium
2. ishium
3. pubis

muscles of ischial tubular

1. hamstring
2. adductor magnus

Femor on pelvis

• Femur: RAISES to meet ilium in sagittal plane

Pelvis on femur

• Pelvis TILTS ANTERIORLY to meet femur in sagittal plane

What structures aid in medial stability?

1. MCL
2. Gracillius

What structures aid in lateral stability?

1. LCL
2. IT Band

What muscles attaches to the ischial tuberosities?

1. adductor
2. hamstring

How does hip adductors help with hip flexion and extension?

1. pass in front and behind medial-lateral axis

Internal rotation of knee (what do tibia and femur does?)

1. Tibia (IR)
2. Femur (ER)

Roll slide of tibia on fibula mvt

concave on convex

"evolute" axis of femur

• The curved path of the axis/ medial-lateral axis of rotation
• flexion + extension is not fixed,
  • migrates within the femoral condyles.

Knee joint compartment

1. lateral+tibiofemoral joint
2. patellofemoral joint

____ attached to tibial tuberosity

• quad/patellar tendon

Main roll of knee

• INCREASE stability
• soft tissue > boney anatomy

Roll slide of Femur on Pelvis

FLEX/EXT

SPIN

Roll slide of Femur on Pelvis

ABduction

• ROLL: superior
• SLIDE: inferior

Roll slide of Femur on Pelvis

ADduction

• ROLL: inferior
• SLIDE: superior

Roll slide of Femur on Pelvis

Internal Rotation

• ROLL: anterior
• SLIDE: posterior

Roll slide of Femur on Pelvis

External Rotation

• ROLL: posterior
• SLIDE: anterior

Role slide of tibial on talar

concave on convex

How shape of the talus help ankle stability?

• wedge shape
  • UP compression force
  • UP stability pf TC joint in dorsiflexion

What makes the subtalar joint?

1. calcaneus
2. talus

What makes up the "mortise+tendon" joint?

1. fibula
2. tibula
3. talus

3 parts of the foot

1. front
2. mid
3. rear

Windland mechanism

• how the plantar fascia supports the foot during weight-bearing activities
  • arching the foot // not let it collapse too much

Pennation Angle

• Angle of orientation between muscle fibers & tendon
• 0 degrees = 100% of force transfer; 30 degrees = 86%
• *most human muscle has pennation angles between 0 & 30 degrees*

Force-Velocity Curve

• HIGH FORCE = eccentric
• LOW VELOCITY = concentric

• Iliopsoas:

• hip flexor with femur-on-pelvis (hang leg raise) or pelvis-on-femur (sit-ups), lateral flexion, vertical stabilizer (trunk)

Quadratus Lumborum

• control of pelvis, extensor of lumbar (bilaterally), flexor of LR (unilaterally)