Conjugation

The union of bacteria cells where information is passed between the F+(donor) to F-(recipient)

Plasmid

The extrachromosomal autonomously replication of circular DNA

F (fertility) factor

Bacterial episome(on plasmid of chromosome) that allows for it to be the donor in conjunction

Hfr (high frequency of recombination)

A bacteria cell where the F factor is integrated into the chromosome, acts as the the origin during conjunction.

Exconjugate

A bacterium that's undergone conjunction

Endogenote

The recipient of the transfer during conjunction

Exogenote

The donor during conjunction

Merozygote

A cell that is partial diploid that contains both exogenote and endogenote

Origin of transfer

The fixed point from where the DNA transfer begins during conjunction

Transformation

Introduction of foreign DNA through external means

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Lytic cycle

Mode of infection where the bacteriophage infects the bacteria cell and replicates then lyses the cell, releasing the progeny

Virulent bacteriophage

A bacteriophage that always completes the lytic cycle

Prophage

A phage(virus) genome integrates itself into the host's DNA

Lysogenic

The state of a bacterial cell with a prophage integrated into it's DNA

Lysogenic bacterium (lysogen)

A bacterial cell that is capable of spontaneously lysis.

Ex to release a prophage integrated in the DNA

Temperate bacteriophage

A phage that is capable of entering t lysogenic cycle with it's host. Phage that can become a prophage

Transduction

The movement of genic material through bacteriophage vectors

nucleoside

A molecule composed of a nitrogen base bound to a sugar molecule

nucleotide

A molecule composed of nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group. the basic block of nucleic acids.

conservative replication

A disproved model of DNA replication where half of daughter strands are predicted to having both strands being fully newly synthesized nucleotides

dispersive replication

A disproved model of DNA replication where more or less random intermixed parental and newly synthesized components ofeach strand.

semi-conservative replication

The current model of DNA replication where each strand of parental DNA acts as a template for synthesis of the daughter molecules.

origin

The start point of DNA replication

replication fork

The point where DNA strands are separated to start replication of each strand

leading strand

DNA that is being synthesized in the same direction that the replication fork is proceeding.

lagging strand

DNA that is being synthesized in the opposite direction of the replication fork proceeding.

Okazaki fragments

A small single stranded DNA with a RNA primer at the 5' termus synthesized as apart of the lagging strand

telomere

The tip/end of a linear chromosome

gene (molecular terminology

Segment of DNA that can be transcribed into RNA and the regulatory sequence that makes transcription possible.

consensus sequence

A DNA sequence in a particular sequence that is conserved amongst individuals

RNA processing (co-transcriptional

The modifications( capping, splicing, and polyadenylation) made to eukaryotic RNA prior to leaving nucleus.

alternative splicing

production of different mRNA from same primary transcription due to alternative splicing pattens.

primary transcript (pre-mRNA)

eukaryotic RNA prior to processing

informational RNA

RNA used as template for protein synthesis (mRNA)

functional RNA

RNA which is functional as a RNA molecule

Transcription

Production of RNA from a DNA template

RNA polymerase

Enzyme that transcribes RNA from DNA

promoter

A set of DNA sequences to which RNA polymerase binds to initiates transcription.

repressor

A protein that binds to a DNA element to prevent transcription

activator

A protein that binds to a DNA element to activates transcription

polypeptide

A chain of linked amino acids

Active site

The part of the protein that is required for functioning

translation

production of a polypeptide chain from mRNA

codon

3 nucleotides in mRNA that encodes for an amino acid

anticodon

3 nucleotides in tRNA that forms complimentary base pairs to codon.

wobble

the ability of the 3rd nucleotide of the anticodon (5' end) to pair imprecisely, allowing the anticodon to align with different codons

frameshift mutation

The addition or deletion of a nucleotide which results in a chamge to the reading frame

signal sequence

the amino- terminal of a secreted protein ehich is needed for the export of the protein from the cell

nuclear localization sequence (nls

The sequence required for a protein to transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus

operon

prokarotic multigenic segments that share regulatory regions.