What are the components of the Endocrine Sytem?

• Pituitary Gland
• Pineal Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Parathyroid Glands
• Pancreatic Islets
• Adrenal Gland

What are the components and the location of the pituitary gland?

Two Components:

• Adenohypophysis
• Neurohypophysis

Located ventral surface of the brain. The location is also known as the Turkish Saddle.

What are the components of the adenohypophysis?

• Pars Distalis
• Pars Tuberalis

What is the location of Pars Tuberalis?

It is ventrally connected to Pars Distalis, and this connecting region has portal vessels.

What are the types of cells found in the Pars Distalis?

1. Alpha Cells
2. Beta Cells
3. Gamma Cells
4. Delta Cells
5. Epsilon
6. Eta
7. Kappa

This type of cell secretes somatotropic hormones. It is responsible for growth .

Alpha Cells

This type of cell secretes follicle stimulating hormones. Responsible for spermatogenesis in males and ovary development in females.

Beta Cells

This type of cell secretes luteinizing hormones. Responsible for ovulation in females and act on Leydig cells in males for testosterone production.

Gamma Cells

This type of cell secretes thyroid stimulating hormones. Responsible for stimulating growth and the release of thyroid hormones.

Delta Cells

This type of cell secretes adrenocorticotropic hormones. Responsible for stimulating corticosterone production by the adrenals.

Epsilon Cells

This type of cell secretes prolactin. Responsible for having a role in metabolism, broodiness, osmoregulation, and reproduction.

Eta Cells

This type of cell secretes melanotropic hormones.

Kappa Cells

What are the three anatomic components of the neurohypophysis?

1. Infundibulum
2. Neural Lobe
3. Median Eminence

What gland is located between the cerebral hemispheres of the brain and the cerebellum?

Pineal Gland

What are some of the known functions of the pineal gland?

• photoreception
• circadian rhythm
• reproduction

What is the structure and the location of the thyriod gland?

They are paired red dark glands at the base of the neck medial to the Juglar veins.

It is made up:

• follicles
• epithelial cells
• blood vessels
• a few nerves

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

• thyroxine
• triiodothyronine

What does the thyroid gland stimulate?

• Urge to molt
• Urge to migrate
• General metabolism
• regulate heat production

What is the main function of thyroid gland?

To regulate growth of the body and reproductive systems. (Growth and egg production.)

What is the location of the parathyroid gland?

2 pair of the 3-4 yellowish glands located on each side of the body caudal to the thyroid glands.

What does the parathyroid gland secrete?

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

What are the functions of the parathyroid gland?

• Raises Blood Calcium level
• Shifts Medullary bone calcium to the egg shell
• Increases renal phosphate by reductio of renal tubular resorption

What is the location of the ultimobranchial glands?

Flat pink glands that each side of the thoracic inlet.

What are the components of the Ultimobranchial gland?

• C-cells that are scattered in groups or cords
• parathyroid nodules
• Vesicles - lined by epithelial cells
• Lymphoid tissue and lymphocytes

What are the functions of the ultimobranchial gland?

• C-cells secrete calcitonin
• calcitonin blocks calcium form transferring from bone to blood
• Prevents excess bone resorption by parathyroid glands

What are the functions of the adrenal glands?

The gland consists of cortical and medullary
tissue.

• The medullary tissue secretes epinephrine
  and norepinephrine which are involved in
  the body reaction to stress.
• Cortical tissue secretes mineralocorticoids involved in mineral concentration regulation
• secretes corticosterone involved in regulating blood and liver sugar level
• secretes, Progesterone, androgen, estrogenregulation of
  sex hormones

What are the three types of pancreatic islets?

• Light
• Dark
• Mixed

What type of cells are found in the pancreatic islets

• A cells
• B cells
• D cells
• APP cells

What do A cells secrete?

Glucagon

• Glucagon promotes breakdown of fuel stores to
  increase blood glucose

What do B cells Secrete?

Insulin

• Insulin decreases blood glucose

What do D cells Secrete?

Somatostatin

• Controls rate of food absorption from intestines

What do APP cells secrete?

• avian pancreatic polypeptide cells