Synapomorphy

change in character, all descendants have it

symplesiomorphy

some descendants have lost

Convergence

similar characteristics derived independently

autapomorphy

synapomorphy but just in one species, new characteristic, doesn't really tell us anything about relationships

which provides direct evidence for classification of species into higher taxa?

synapomorphy

Ex. of convergence

3 times where mammals have become aquatic cetaceans:

whales + dolphins

manatees + dugongs

seals + sea lions

Dollo parsimony - how is this concept related to weighted parsimony and what type of characters is it best applied to?

extreme version of not trating all mutations the same, some are more likely to stay

complex

once a trait is lost it is never revolved

Ex. stick insects of wings lost in ancestor but revolved, means that genes don't go away but gene pathway can be turned back on and utilized

weighted parsimony

not all evolutionary changes are equal

at the level of DNA, maybe don't trat every mutation equally, give more likelihood to one mutation than another, and known from previous data

based of frequencies and models of evolution

Maximum likelihood says theres a percent chance

1. branch lenghts play a role

2. and probabilities

Allelic variant (?)

between species

Does impact of mutation matter?

No its all data, still evidence of similarities

How does mapping character traits onto a phylogeny allow us to reconstruct ancestral states?

once we map a trait on a phylogeny, allows us to see variation

how is inference of ancestral sates different under a maximum likelihood assumption?

take into account branch lengths and models of evolution, what types of mutations are more likely