front 1 Synapomorphy | back 1 change in character, all descendants have it |
front 2 symplesiomorphy | back 2 some descendants have lost |
front 3 Convergence | back 3 similar characteristics derived independently |
front 4 autapomorphy | back 4 synapomorphy but just in one species, new characteristic, doesn't really tell us anything about relationships |
front 5 which provides direct evidence for classification of species into higher taxa? | back 5 synapomorphy |
front 6 Ex. of convergence | back 6 3 times where mammals have become aquatic cetaceans: whales + dolphins manatees + dugongs seals + sea lions |
front 7 Dollo parsimony - how is this concept related to weighted parsimony and what type of characters is it best applied to? | back 7 extreme version of not trating all mutations the same, some are more likely to stay complex once a trait is lost it is never revolved Ex. stick insects of wings lost in ancestor but revolved, means that genes don't go away but gene pathway can be turned back on and utilized |
front 8 weighted parsimony | back 8 not all evolutionary changes are equal at the level of DNA, maybe don't trat every mutation equally, give more likelihood to one mutation than another, and known from previous data based of frequencies and models of evolution |
front 9 Maximum likelihood says theres a percent chance | back 9 1. branch lenghts play a role 2. and probabilities |
front 10 Allelic variant (?) | back 10 between species |
front 11 Does impact of mutation matter? | back 11 No its all data, still evidence of similarities |
front 12 How does mapping character traits onto a phylogeny allow us to reconstruct ancestral states? | back 12 once we map a trait on a phylogeny, allows us to see variation |
front 13 how is inference of ancestral sates different under a maximum likelihood assumption? | back 13 take into account branch lengths and models of evolution, what types of mutations are more likely |