compound noun

is a noun that is made up of two or more words; are sometimes written with hyphens

Ex: mother-in-law

relative pronouns

include which, that, and who

homophones

are words that sound alike (or similar), but they have different spellings and definitions

Ex: to vs too vs two

Affect

(v) to alter, to change, to influence

(n) feeling, emotion, or mood that is displayed

Effect

(v) to bring about, to cause to be

(n) a result, a consequence

homographs

are words that share the same spelling, and they have multiple meanings

Declarative sentence

gives information or makes a statement

Ex: I can fly a kite.

imperative sentence

gives an order or command

Ex: Bring me that note.

Direct quote

Ex: Nancy said, "I am waiting for Henry to arrive"

Indirect quote

Ex: Henry said that he is going to be late to the meeting

Quote inside a Quote

The teacher asked, "Has everyone read 'The Gift of the Magi'?"

common nouns

are generic names for people, places, and things; are not usually capitalized

proper nouns

name specific people, places, or things; are all capitalized

General nouns

are the names of conditions or ideas (ex: beauty strength, truth)

Collective nouns

are the names for a group of people, places, or things that may act as a whole

(ex: class, company, dozen, group, herd, public, team)

are all treated as singular units

intensive pronouns include:

I myself, you yourself, he himself, she herself, etc

Relative pronouns include:

which, who, whom, whose

Interrogative pronouns include:

what, which, who, whom, whose

Demonstrative pronouns include:

this, that, these, those

Indefinite pronouns include:

all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several

Reciprocal pronouns include:

each other, one another

transitive verb

is a a verb (drive, run, jump) whose action indicates a receiver (kangaroo, student)

Ex: She plays the piano

intransitive verb

do not indicate a receiver of an action (aka does not point to a subject or object)

Ex: They slept

Linking verb

connect the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun, or they connect a subject with an adjective

include: appear, be, become, feel, grow, seem, smell, sound, and taste

Active voice

when the subject of the sentence is doing the action

ex: Jon drew the picture

Passive voice

when the subject is acted upon

ex: The picture is drawn by Jon

Articles

are adjectives that are used to distinguish nouns as definite or indefinite

Definite nouns

are preceded by the article the and indicate a specific person, place, thing, or idea

ex: the bottle

Indefinite nouns

are preceded by a or an and do not indicate a specific person, place, thing, or idea

ex: a bottle

the positive degree

is the normal form of an adjective/adverb

ex: This work is dificult

the comparative degree

compares one person or thing to another person or thing

ex: This work is more difficult than your work; she is smarter than me

the superlative degree

compares more than two people or things

ex: this is the most difficult work of my life; She is the smartest lady in school

adverb

is a word that is used to modify a verb, adjective, or adverb; a lot of them end with -ly

conjunctions

join words, phrases, or clauses and they show the connection between the joined pieces

coordination conjunctions

include: and, but, yet, or, nor, for, and so

correlative conjunctions

include: either, or, neither, nor, not only, but also

subordinating conjunctions

include: whenever, where, wherever, whether, while, before, because, unless, until, when, after, although, since, so that

always singular pronouns

include: each, either, everybody, anybody, somebody, and nobody

always plural pronouns

include: both, several, and many

Participles

is a type of verbal that always functions as an adjective; always end in -ing

ex: praised for their work; shipwrecked on an island

Gerunds

type of verbal that always acts as a noun; ends w/ -ing

ex: teaching this class

infinitives

is a type of verbal that can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb: always functions as "to (verb)"

Simple sentence structure

has one independent clause w/ no dependent clause

Compound sentence structure

has two or more independent clauses

Complex sentence structure

has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

Compound-Complex sentence structure

has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause