compound noun
is a noun that is made up of two or more words; are sometimes written with hyphens
Ex: mother-in-law
relative pronouns
include which, that, and who
homophones
are words that sound alike (or similar), but they have different spellings and definitions
Ex: to vs too vs two
Affect
(v) to alter, to change, to influence
(n) feeling, emotion, or mood that is displayed
Effect
(v) to bring about, to cause to be
(n) a result, a consequence
homographs
are words that share the same spelling, and they have multiple meanings
Declarative sentence
gives information or makes a statement
Ex: I can fly a kite.
imperative sentence
gives an order or command
Ex: Bring me that note.
Direct quote
Ex: Nancy said, "I am waiting for Henry to arrive"
Indirect quote
Ex: Henry said that he is going to be late to the meeting
Quote inside a Quote
The teacher asked, "Has everyone read 'The Gift of the Magi'?"
common nouns
are generic names for people, places, and things; are not usually capitalized
proper nouns
name specific people, places, or things; are all capitalized
General nouns
are the names of conditions or ideas (ex: beauty strength, truth)
Collective nouns
are the names for a group of people, places, or things that may act as a whole
(ex: class, company, dozen, group, herd, public, team)
are all treated as singular units
intensive pronouns include:
I myself, you yourself, he himself, she herself, etc
Relative pronouns include:
which, who, whom, whose
Interrogative pronouns include:
what, which, who, whom, whose
Demonstrative pronouns include:
this, that, these, those
Indefinite pronouns include:
all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several
Reciprocal pronouns include:
each other, one another
transitive verb
is a a verb (drive, run, jump) whose action indicates a receiver (kangaroo, student)
Ex: She plays the piano
intransitive verb
do not indicate a receiver of an action (aka does not point to a subject or object)
Ex: They slept
Linking verb
connect the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun, or they connect a subject with an adjective
include: appear, be, become, feel, grow, seem, smell, sound, and taste
Active voice
when the subject of the sentence is doing the action
ex: Jon drew the picture
Passive voice
when the subject is acted upon
ex: The picture is drawn by Jon
Articles
are adjectives that are used to distinguish nouns as definite or indefinite
Definite nouns
are preceded by the article the and indicate a specific person, place, thing, or idea
ex: the bottle
Indefinite nouns
are preceded by a or an and do not indicate a specific person, place, thing, or idea
ex: a bottle
the positive degree
is the normal form of an adjective/adverb
ex: This work is dificult
the comparative degree
compares one person or thing to another person or thing
ex: This work is more difficult than your work; she is smarter than me
the superlative degree
compares more than two people or things
ex: this is the most difficult work of my life; She is the smartest lady in school
adverb
is a word that is used to modify a verb, adjective, or adverb; a lot of them end with -ly
conjunctions
join words, phrases, or clauses and they show the connection between the joined pieces
coordination conjunctions
include: and, but, yet, or, nor, for, and so
correlative conjunctions
include: either, or, neither, nor, not only, but also
subordinating conjunctions
include: whenever, where, wherever, whether, while, before, because, unless, until, when, after, although, since, so that
always singular pronouns
include: each, either, everybody, anybody, somebody, and nobody
always plural pronouns
include: both, several, and many
Participles
is a type of verbal that always functions as an adjective; always end in -ing
ex: praised for their work; shipwrecked on an island
Gerunds
type of verbal that always acts as a noun; ends w/ -ing
ex: teaching this class
infinitives
is a type of verbal that can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb: always functions as "to (verb)"
Simple sentence structure
has one independent clause w/ no dependent clause
Compound sentence structure
has two or more independent clauses
Complex sentence structure
has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
Compound-Complex sentence structure
has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause