Pressure

A force exerted against a given area.

Atmosphere (atm)

Air pressure

Pascal (pa)

The SI unit of pressure

Pounds per square inch (psi)

Pressure as the force (measured in pounds) applied to an area of 1
square inch. The pressure of the atmosphere at sea
level is about 14.7 psi.

Millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

Comes from the mercury barometer which measures the pressure of
the earth’s atmosphere. The unit mmHg is used when
measuring blood pressure.

Ideal gas

A gas that perfectly adheres to the kinetic molecular
theory of gases

kinetic molecular theory of gases

•Gas particles are far part from each other. Because of this, most of the volume of a gas is empty space.

•Gas particles are in constant random motion. The particles have a range of speeds.

•Gas particles have no attractive forces between them. When gas particles collide, energy is conserved.

• Gas particles are moving and therefore have kinetic energy. This energy is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

changes of state

The change that occurs when a substance that exists in one state of matter becomes another state of matter; for example, a solid becomes becomes a liquid or a liquid becomes a gas.

freezing

The change in state from a liquid to a solid.

melting

The change in state from solid to liquid.

vaporization

the change in state from liquid to gas

condensation

the change in state from gas to liquid

sublimination

the change in state from a solid directly to a gas

deposition

the change in state from a gas directly to a solid

physical equilibrium

occurs when two phases of matter exchange particles at equal rates, such as when the rate of moving to the vapor phase equals the rate of moving into the liquid phase

vapor pressure

the pressure caused by the particles of vapor above a liquid

boiling

the formation of gas bubbles of a liquid

boiling point

The temperature at which the molecules of a substance change from a liquid to a gas(boil). At this temperature, the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure.

attractive forces

an attraction of opposite forces charges between molecules

intermolecular forces

attractive forces between two or more molecules that are caused by uneven distribution of electrons within the molecules

London forces

the weakest attractive force; an attraction formed from temporary (or induced) dipoles on molecules

Induced dipole

A temporary, uneven distribution of the electrons over the surface of a molecule creating a brief separation of charge in the molecule

permanent dipole

an uneven distribution of the electrons in a polar molecule caused by differences in the electronegativity of the atoms

dipole-dipole attraction

the attraction of the partially positive end of one polar molecule to the partially negative end of a second polar molecule

hydrogen bonding

the strong dipole dipole bonding attraction of a hydrogen, covalently bonded to an O, N, or F, to a nonbonding pair of electrons on an O, N, or F

ion-dipole attraction

an electrical attraction between an iron and a polar molecule

Ionic attraction

an attraction between a (+) and a (-) charge in or between compounds; also called an ionic bond or a a salt bridge

melting point

the temperature at which the molecules of a substance change from a solid to a liquid

solubility

the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a specified amount of water at a given temperature

golden rule of solubility

like dissolves like

hydrophyllic

water loving

hydrophobic

water fearing

triglycerides

the product of a condensation reaction of three fatty acids and glycerol; also known as a fat or an oil

esterification

a condensation reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to from an ester

hydration

an organic addition reaction where H and OH are added to the carbons in a carbon-carbon double bond

amphipathic compunds

a compound that has both polar and non polar parts

Micelle

a three dimensional spherical arrangement of soap molecules in water with the hydrophobic tails pointing inside, away from the water, and the hydrophilic heads pointing out into the water

emulsifier

an amphipathic compound that allows polar and nonpolar substances to mix

oil

a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol backbone that exists as a liquid at a room temperature; also known as a triglyceride

Fats

a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol backbone that exists as a solid or semisolid at room temperature; also known as a triglyceride

polyunsaturated

a term used to describe organic compounds that have more than one double or triple bond

phospholipid

the primary structural component of cell membranes consisting of a glycerol backbone esterified with two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group

fluid mosaic model

a model used to describe the nature of the cell membrane

steriods

a lipid containing a four membered fused ring structure called a steroid nucleus