Final
Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by
autoimmune injury.
Calcitonin is produced by thyroid parafollicular cells and increases bone formation by
osteoblasts.
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)
elderly woman without a previous history of MI.
In addition to E. coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is
urinary retention and reflux.
A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is
pulmonary embolus.
Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of
cardiac tamponade.
When preparing for the admission of a client diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the nurse will
put a sputum cup and a box of tissues on the bedside table.
Aortic regurgitation is associated with
diastolic murmur.
In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event?
Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction
In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?
Class II, Compensated Stage
Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include
muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.
The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed
nociception.
________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Obesity
When a parent of a toddler recently diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia asks why their child is so much sicker than a classmate was when they were diagnosed with pneumonia, the nurse replies
“It sounds like your child has a case of bacterial pneumonia, while the classmate had viral pneumonia.”
A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop
respiratory alkalosis.
Respiratory acidosis may be caused by
hypoventilation.
Liver transaminase elevations in which aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is markedly greater than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is characteristic of
alcohol-induced injury.
Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because
they are deficient in active vitamin D.
Most muscle strains are caused by
abnormal muscle contraction.
The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.
tubular
A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.
migraine
Hyperaldosteronism causes
ECV excess and hypokalemia.
The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the
kidney
When a patient experiencing nephrotic syndrome asks, “What causes my urine to be so full of protein,” the nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that
the glomerular membrane has increased permeability.
Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to
initiate action to have the cast split or removed.
Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of
increased pulmonary vascular resistance.
Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes
a butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose.
The gate control theory of pain transmission predicts that activity in touch receptors will
decrease pain signal transmission in the spinal cord.
The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is
osmosis
Obstructive disorders are associated with
low expiratory flow rates.
At his most recent clinic visit, a patient with end-stage renal disease is noted to have edema, congestive signs in the pulmonary system, and a pericardial friction rub. Appropriate therapy at this time would include
initiation of dialysis.
Legionnaires disease is characterized by
presence of systemic illness.
Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to
fibromyalgia syndrome.
In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with
systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system.
A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of
tender point pain.
A major modifiable risk factor for nephrolithiasis is
dehydration
The patient most at risk for postrenal acute kidney injury is a(n)
elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate.
The arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO3 – = 24 mEq/L demonstrates
respiratory alkalosis.
Lusitropic impairment refers to
impaired diastolic relaxation.
The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is
ST-segment elevation.
High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases
afterload
Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of
release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells.
Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have
a productive cough.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include
hyperlipidemia
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with
hypothyroidism
A potential risk factor for breast cancer includes
early menarche and late first pregnancy.
Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage
myasthenia gravis.
Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with
bloody diarrhea.
What laboratory data would support a diagnosis of hemochromatosis?
Elevated ferritin
A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of
primary prevention.
Chronic pancreatitis may lead to
diabetes mellitus.
Narcotic administration should be administered carefully in patients with acute pancreatitis related to potential for
sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
The American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial blood glucose level of ________ mg/dL for adults with diabetes.
less than 180
The most common causes of prehepatic jaundice are ________ and ineffective erythropoiesis.
hemolysis
A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is
positive antinuclear antibodies.
Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of
β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency?
No change in serum glucocorticoid level
Lack of α-antitrypsin in emphysema causes
destruction of alveolar tissue.
The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of
extrinsic pathway.
The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include
rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity.
Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?
Crystalloids
The most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the United States is
sepsis
The most frequent initial symptom of bladder cancer is
hematuria
A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of
increased neuromuscular excitability.
Hypertension is closely linked to
obstructive sleep apnea.
Activation of parasympathetic nerves to the bladder will cause
bladder contraction.
Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?
Carbonic
Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of
endorphins
Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with
increased blood ammonia levels.
Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of
peripheral pooling of blood.
Diarrhea and other lower intestinal fluid losses will contribute to
metabolic acidosis.
A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is
serum potassium.
The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the
oxygen-hemoglobin affinity.
The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis involves
immune cells accumulating in pannus and destroying articular cartilage.
In general, with aging, organ size and function
decrease.
Endometriosis is a condition in which
ectopic endometrial tissue is present.
Which is indicative of a left tension pneumothorax?
Absent breath sounds on the left
Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?
Thrombocytopenia
A college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102°F. This information is most consistent with
meningitis
Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include
acute hypertension.
A malignant bone-forming tumor is referred to as a(n)
osteosarcoma.
Gouty arthritis is a complication of
inadequate renal excretion of uric acid.
_________ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord.
Meningocele
A patient with flail chest will demonstrate
outward chest movement on expiration.
The urinalysis finding most indicative of cystitis includes the presence of
nitrites
Rupture of esophageal varices is a complication of cirrhosis with portal hypertension and carries a high ________ rate.
mortality
The ________ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
respiratory
What is the correct definition of complete remission (CR) of leukemia?
CR is less than 5% blasts in marrow and normal CBC values.
Intracranial pressure normally ranges from ______ mm Hg.
0 to 15
The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is
ultrasonography
Which condition is caused by a genetic defect?
Polycystic kidney disease
Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they
develop recurrent infections.
The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of
tumor necrosis factor.
Seizures that involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed
generalized
Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they
develop recurrent infections.
A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is
positive antinuclear antibodies.
Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.
increases capillary hydrostatic
The condition characterized by oliguria and hematuria is
acute glomerulonephritis.
Velocity of blood flow is measured in
centimeters per second.
The most common source of osteomyelitis is
an infection that migrates via the bloodstream.
A level of ____ on the Glasgow Coma Scale indicates likely fatal damage.
3
Metaplasia is
the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells?
Absence
Mitral stenosis is associated with
a pressure gradient across the mitral valve.
Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including
Burkitt lymphoma.
Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with
hypothyroidism
A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of
primary prevention.
________ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Obesity
The megakaryocyte is a precursor to
platelets.
In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?
Class II, Compensated Stage
Cor pulmonale refers to
right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension.
The defining characteristic of severe acute kidney injury is
oliguria
The pain of nonarticular rheumatism (“growing pain”) is worse
during the night.
The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is
adhesions
Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?
Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
Emesis causes
metabolic alkalosis.
A patient with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate, because
GFR declines.
A patient who has difficulty walking without assistance is incontinent of urine when help doesn’t get to her quickly enough. The term for this type of incontinence is
functional
Hepatitis with the presence of autoantibodies and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is
autoimmune hepatitis.
Reperfusion injury to cells
involves formation of free radicals.
A primary effector cell of the type I hypersensitivity response is
mast cells.
An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of
secondary prevention.
An increased urine bilirubin is associated with
hepatitis
The pain that accompanies kidney disorders is called
nephralgia.
Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by
norepinephrine.
Which is not a manifestation of acute arterial obstruction?
Purpura
An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by
positioning the arm above the heart level.
A cause of thrombocytopenia includes
chemotherapy.
Systemic disorders include
rheumatoid arthritis.
The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is
reduced cardiac output.
Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with
inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is
Bence Jones proteins in the urine.
Proto-oncogenes
are normal cellular genes that promote growth.
When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow
decreases.
What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?
Vasoconstriction
A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, “My feet swell if I eat salt but I don’t understand why” The nurse’s best response is
“Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell.”
First-degree heart block is characterized by
prolonged PR interval.
Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is
renal colic.
It is true that gallstones are
more common in women.
Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have
a productive cough.
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of
secondary prevention.
All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
aldosterone.
The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called
subluxation.
The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who
receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke.
Paget’s disease is characterized by
excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.
Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they
increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia.
Which change in a patient’s assessment has the greatest urgency?
Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing
A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.
migraine
Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by
bilateral kidney stones.
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop
hypercalcemia
The effect of stress on the immune system
may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.
A patient being treated for acute tubular necrosis (ATN) develops mild polyuria. The nurse responds to questions about why this occurring by stating
“His renal tubules are recovering, so he is making more urine, but he is not able to concentrate urine well, because he is not fully recovered.”
A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for
delayed healing.
An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be
hypoventilation
Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of
noncontractile tissue injury.
What finding should prompt further diagnostic testing in a child presenting with diarrhea?
Blood and mucus in the stools
Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by
severe hypotension.
A patient, age 3, has vesicoureteral reflux. “Why does that make him have so many bladder infections?” asks his mother. The nurse’s best response is
“When he urinates, urine runs back toward his kidneys and then into the bladder again, making it easy for bacteria to grow if they reach the bladder.”
The relationship of blood flow (Q), resistance (R), and pressure (P) in a vessel can be expressed by which equation?
Q = P/R
Viral pneumonia is characterized by
a dry cough.
Most gallstones are composed of
cholesterol.
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
hypertrophy.
Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of
nitric oxide.
A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of
mitral regurgitation.
Which complication of asthma is life threatening?
Status asthmaticus
It is true that growth hormone excess in adults
results in the condition of acromegaly.
Barrett esophagus is a
preneoplastic lesion.
Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?
Osteomalacia
The formation of active vitamin D
is impaired in renal failure.
The cause of the most common form of anemia is
iron deficiency.
Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include
confusion.
Diabetes insipidus is a condition that
results from inadequate ADH secretion.
Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?
Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)
Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.
mean arterial
Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with
<strong>basilar skull fracture.</strong><strong> </strong>
The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is
ultrasonography.
Uterine prolapse is caused by a relaxation of the
cardinal ligaments.
The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is
measured to improve oxygenation.
An example of an acyanotic heart defect is
ventricular septal defect.
Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include
weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate.
A patient presenting with muscle cramps, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and prolonged Q-T intervals on EKG may be showing symptoms of
hypoparathyroidism.
“Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me,” says another nurse. “Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?” Your best response is
“No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone.”
The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is
Escherichia coli.
It is true that Bell palsy is a
paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve.
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called
pleural effusion.
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as
subclinical.
The signs and symptoms of adrenocortical hormone excess may occur from either a primary or secondary disorder. A symptom associated with primary Cushing syndrome is
hyperglycemia
Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock.
cardiogenic
A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is
dry cough.
A patient has ureteral colic. The manifestation that requires immediate notification of the physician is
chills and fever.
Treatment of a uterine prolapse may involve the insertion of a(n) ________ to hold the uterus in place.
pessary.
A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, “My feet swell if I eat salt but I don’t understand why” The nurse’s best response is
“Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell.”
Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because
they are deficient in active vitamin D.
Systemic disorders include
rheumatoid arthritis.
Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of
baroreceptor activity.
A patient who has difficulty walking without assistance is incontinent of urine when help doesn’t get to her quickly enough. The term for this type of incontinence is
functional
Detrusor muscle overactivity can be improved by administration of
botulinum toxin.
Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by
recipient antibodies.
A common component of renal calculi is
calcium
A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock.
obstructive
Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space is called
pleural effusion.
“Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me,” says another nurse. “Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?” Your best response is
“No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone.”
Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by
hypertension and bradycardia.
A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs
platelet adhesion to injured tissue.
Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?
Septic
When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse’s best response is
“If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated.”
Chronic pancreatitis may lead to
diabetes mellitus.
A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as
goiter
How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone–related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?
Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness
Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of
cardiac tamponade.
The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who
receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke.
The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in hospitalized patients is
contrast media.
Aortic regurgitation is associated with
diastolic murmur.
Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with
increased blood ammonia levels.
A normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, and increased prothrombin time (PT) and INR, is indicative of
vitamin K deficiency.
What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?
Resistance increases by a factor of 16.
Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class?
Class I
The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by
fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance.
What finding should prompt further diagnostic testing in a child presenting with diarrhea?
Blood and mucus in the stools
Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by
the autonomic nervous system.
The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.
tubular
A patient with pancreatitis may experience muscle cramps secondary to
hypocalcemia.
Which response to an injection of ACTH indicates a primary adrenal insufficiency?
No change in serum glucocorticoid level
Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells.
fat
It is true that Graves disease is
associated with autoantibodies to TSH receptors.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often associated with
nonketotic hyperosmolality.
The condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal aspect of the penis is known as
epispadias.
Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?
Crystalloids
Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain?
Anticonvulsants
________ edema occurs when ischemic tissue swells because of cellular energy failure.
Cytotoxic
Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?
Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
A patient presents to the physician’s office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. The patient is most likely between the ages of _____ years.
4 and 7
A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of
mitral regurgitation.
Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with
hypothyroidism
Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the presence of ________ in the circulation.
angiotensin II
The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is
measured to improve oxygenation.
Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
pupil constriction.
Surgical removal of a gland may result in
hyposecretion
Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of
glucose
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
hypertrophy
The pain associated with chronic pancreatitis is generally described as ________ in nature.
steady and boring
A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as
osteomalacia
What is necessary for red blood cell production?
Iron
Which pulmonary function test result is consistent with a diagnosis of asthma?
Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include
muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.
An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to
dehydration.
A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is
elevated total iron-binding capacity.
Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause _____ concentration.
decreased serum sodium
A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with
hemophilia
________ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes.
Nystagmus
Pulse pressure is defined as
systolic pressure – diastolic pressure.
A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is
serum potassium.
Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of
<strong>pancreatitis.</strong><strong> </strong>
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of
nitric oxide.
Tophi are
deposits of urate crystals in tissues.
Which complication of asthma is life threatening?
Status asthmaticus
Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?
Thrombocytopenia
Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause
hematuria
Lack of α-antitrypsin in emphysema causes
destruction of alveolar tissue.
The normal post-void residual urine in the bladder is
less than 100 mL.
Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to
portal hypertension.
What problem is a patient likely to experience in end-stage renal disease?
Uremia
Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of
endorphins
First-degree heart block is characterized by
prolonged PR interval.
A patient with a productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray is demonstrating symptomology of
bacterial pneumonia.
Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?
Osteomalacia
Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports
sudden, severe headache.
The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type
IV.
In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of
estrogen deficiency.
The pain of nonarticular rheumatism (“growing pain”) is worse
during the night.
The most frequent initial symptom of bladder cancer is
hematuria.
The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is
Escherichia coli.
In addition to E. coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is
urinary retention and reflux.
Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances?
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
People who have osteoporosis are at risk for
bone fractures.
The megakaryocyte is a precursor to
platelets
Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because
hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids.
Inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called
bursitis.
Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to
blood or semen.
Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of
thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the
oxygen-hemoglobin affinity.
The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is
dysplasia
A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of
tender point pain.
The urinalysis finding most indicative of cystitis includes the presence of
nitrites