Facial Bones-

enclose the cranial cavity, which contains the brain and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membranes.

Hypophyseal fossa is-

a depression within a sella turcica. holds the pituitary gland.

Which is not a cranial bone of the skull

sagittal bone

All are superficial facial bones are all of the following except

palatine bones

The skull contains 22 bones which are-

-8 cranial bones: form the braincase or cranium

-14 facial bones: protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts

Which is NOT a suture?

Lambdoid

Coronal

Sagittal

Vertical

vertical suture

The appendicular skeleton is made up of

126 bones

Articulations of the parietal bones are

sinuses

Long bones are-

-found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes.

-long and thin

The diaphysis is

-shaft of the bone

-a heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone

-a central space called the medullary (marrow) cavity

Cells of the bone are all of the following, except-

osteocytes

osteoblasts

osteoprogenitor cells

glial cells

glial cells

The periosteum

covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules

what is calcitrol?

a dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts

Canaliculi can

-form pathways for blood vessels

-exchange nutrients and wastes

bones are classified by all of the following except

dimensions

functions of skeletal system are all the following except

dilation

Short bones are-

-small and thick

-examples: ankle and wrist bones

Osteocytes

-to maintain protein and mineral content of matrix

-help repair damaged bone

A serotonin deficiency may lead to

depression

Relative refractory period

when membrane potential is almost normal, a very large stimulus can initiate action potential.

Synaptic delay are all of the following except

protective mechanism excess neuronal activity

Gated channels are all of the following except

thermal regulated channels

Propagation of action potential of myelinated axons is

saltatory propagation

Action potential is-

based on all or nothing principle

The conduction velocity depends on all of the following except

oligodendrocyte

Depolarization occurs when

Na enters the neuron

Temporal summation

Multiple times, rapid, repeated stimuli at one synapse

The resting membrane potential is usually at

-70mV

Afferent neurons receive information from____ and efferent neurons send information to the ______

peripheral nervous system

The purkinje cells are

multipolar neurons

The neuronal cell sends and receives information using

axon and dendrites

bipolar neurons are

small and have one denrite and one axon

The glia of the CNS are

microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and eppendymal cells

peripheral nervous system is composed of two divisions

somatic and autonomic nervous system

Cholinergic neurotransmitter system is based on

acetylcholine

Define the synapse

The site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells

postsynaptic effect of acetylcholine is

depolarization caused by nicotinic or muscanric receptor

Major nerve of the brachial plexus

Musculocutaneous nerve

The three meningeal layers are

dura mater. arachnoid mater, pia mater

The distal end includes

-conus meduallaris

-filum terminale

-cauda equina

The cervical enlargement includes

nerves of shoulders and upper limbs

Anterior white columns-

lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure

The regions of the brain are

-cerebrum

-cerebellum

-diencephalon

-mesencephalon

-pons

-sadolla oblongata

The connective tissue layers of spinal nerves are-

-epineurium

-perineurium

-endoneurium

The ventral root-

contains axons of motor neurons

The epidural space is

-between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal

-contains loose connective and adipose tissue

-anesthetic injection site

Deneculate ligaments are

-extend from pia mater to dura mater

-stabilize side-to-side movement

Thin filament contains the following thin filament proteins except-

myosin

f-actin

nebulin

troponin

myosin

The epimysium-

surrounds the entire muscle, connected to deep fascia, separates muscle from surrounding tissues

An isotonic contraction is

when tension rises and skeletal muscle changes length resulting in motion

The A band contains all but the following

M line

H band

Zone of overlap

Thin Filaments

Thin filaments

Z lines consist of protein called

Actinins

Which is not a step of the contraction cycle?

pivoting of actin heads

exposure of active sites

formation of cross-bridges

detachment of cross bridges

pivoting of actin heads

The triad-

is formed by one T tubule and two terminal cisternae

Which is not a step twitches are divided into?

Latent period (2msec)

A contraction phase (15msec)

A relaxation phase (25msec)

Treppe

Treppe

Aerobic metabolism

produces 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

The sarcolemma

Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle fiber)