Facial Bones-
enclose the cranial cavity, which contains the brain and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membranes.
Hypophyseal fossa is-
a depression within a sella turcica. holds the pituitary gland.
Which is not a cranial bone of the skull
sagittal bone
All are superficial facial bones are all of the following except
palatine bones
The skull contains 22 bones which are-
-8 cranial bones: form the braincase or cranium
-14 facial bones: protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts
Which is NOT a suture?
Lambdoid
Coronal
Sagittal
Vertical
vertical suture
The appendicular skeleton is made up of
126 bones
Articulations of the parietal bones are
sinuses
Long bones are-
-found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes.
-long and thin
The diaphysis is
-shaft of the bone
-a heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
-a central space called the medullary (marrow) cavity
Cells of the bone are all of the following, except-
osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
glial cells
glial cells
The periosteum
covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules
what is calcitrol?
a dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts
Canaliculi can
-form pathways for blood vessels
-exchange nutrients and wastes
bones are classified by all of the following except
dimensions
functions of skeletal system are all the following except
dilation
Short bones are-
-small and thick
-examples: ankle and wrist bones
Osteocytes
-to maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
-help repair damaged bone
A serotonin deficiency may lead to
depression
Relative refractory period
when membrane potential is almost normal, a very large stimulus can initiate action potential.
Synaptic delay are all of the following except
protective mechanism excess neuronal activity
Gated channels are all of the following except
thermal regulated channels
Propagation of action potential of myelinated axons is
saltatory propagation
Action potential is-
based on all or nothing principle
The conduction velocity depends on all of the following except
oligodendrocyte
Depolarization occurs when
Na enters the neuron
Temporal summation
Multiple times, rapid, repeated stimuli at one synapse
The resting membrane potential is usually at
-70mV
Afferent neurons receive information from____ and efferent neurons send information to the ______
peripheral nervous system
The purkinje cells are
multipolar neurons
The neuronal cell sends and receives information using
axon and dendrites
bipolar neurons are
small and have one denrite and one axon
The glia of the CNS are
microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and eppendymal cells
peripheral nervous system is composed of two divisions
somatic and autonomic nervous system
Cholinergic neurotransmitter system is based on
acetylcholine
Define the synapse
The site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells
postsynaptic effect of acetylcholine is
depolarization caused by nicotinic or muscanric receptor
Major nerve of the brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous nerve
The three meningeal layers are
dura mater. arachnoid mater, pia mater
The distal end includes
-conus meduallaris
-filum terminale
-cauda equina
The cervical enlargement includes
nerves of shoulders and upper limbs
Anterior white columns-
lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure
The regions of the brain are
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-diencephalon
-mesencephalon
-pons
-sadolla oblongata
The connective tissue layers of spinal nerves are-
-epineurium
-perineurium
-endoneurium
The ventral root-
contains axons of motor neurons
The epidural space is
-between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal
-contains loose connective and adipose tissue
-anesthetic injection site
Deneculate ligaments are
-extend from pia mater to dura mater
-stabilize side-to-side movement
Thin filament contains the following thin filament proteins except-
myosin
f-actin
nebulin
troponin
myosin
The epimysium-
surrounds the entire muscle, connected to deep fascia, separates muscle from surrounding tissues
An isotonic contraction is
when tension rises and skeletal muscle changes length resulting in motion
The A band contains all but the following
M line
H band
Zone of overlap
Thin Filaments
Thin filaments
Z lines consist of protein called
Actinins
Which is not a step of the contraction cycle?
pivoting of actin heads
exposure of active sites
formation of cross-bridges
detachment of cross bridges
pivoting of actin heads
The triad-
is formed by one T tubule and two terminal cisternae
Which is not a step twitches are divided into?
Latent period (2msec)
A contraction phase (15msec)
A relaxation phase (25msec)
Treppe
Treppe
Aerobic metabolism
produces 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
The sarcolemma
Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle fiber)