TRUE/FALSE
Hypertension does NOT produce any signs or symptoms until vascular damage has occurred in the heart, brain or kidneys.

True

The primary cardiovascular control center is located in the....

medulla oblongata

The drug choice for treating hypertensive diabetic patients is...

ACE inhibitors

A nurse observes a cardiologist multiplying the heart rate by stroke volume, what is the cardiologist measuring?

Cardiac output

A nurse takes an adult patient's BP and determines it to stage I hypertension. What reading did the nurse obtain?

Systolic pressure between 140-159 & diastolic pressure between 90-99

Most of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are documented on the chart as _________ hypotension

primary (no known cause)

*its secondary when the cause is identifiable

A 52-year-old is diagnosed with primary hypertension but has no other health problems. The treatment will start with....

A diuretic

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the....

Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

HIgh blood pressure increases the risk of the following except...

A. stroke

B. renal disease

C. Ischemic heart disease

D. Diabetes

Diabetes

True/False

Stable angina is classified as an acute coronary syndrome.

False

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing risk factor for myocardial infarction?

A. Diabetes mellitus

B. Hypertension

C. Elevated serum lipid levels

D. Stroke

Stroke

Coronary artery disease occurs when....

A. The body's glucose supply exceeds demand

B. The body's water demand exceeds supply

C. The body's oxygen demand exceeds supply

D. The bpdy's oxygen supply exceeds demand

The body's oxygen demand exceeds supply

The main symptoms of coronary artery disease is...

angina

How long does it take for cardiac troponins to be elevated after a myocardial infarction?

Within 4-6hrs

When a patient is diagnosed with coronary artery disease, the nurse assesses etiology of myocardial as...

A. hypertrophy

B. Ischemia

C. Necrosis

D. Inflammation

Ischemia

A patient is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would the nurse suggest the patient change?

Smoking cigarettes

A 26-year-old female presents to her primary care provider, reporting chest pain at rest and with exertion. She is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

Pizmental (Chest pain at rest and exertion)

A 51-year-old male is at the health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed substernal pain that lasted 2-3 minutes and then was subsiding with rest. He indicates that this occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. The nurse suspects he is most likely experiencing

Stable angina

True/False

Most myocardial infarctions occur when an atherosclerotic plaque stimulates thrombus formation at the site.

True

A 68-year-old male presents to the ER reporting chest pain. He has a history of stable angina that now appears to be unstable. He most likely has...

Impending myocardial infarction (MI)

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is...

ST-segment elevation

The compensatory mechanisms that are triggered following myocardial infarction...

Increase myocardial oxygen demands

TRUE/FALSE

Heart failure occurs as a result of impaired arterial function due to abnormality of myocardial muscle.

False

Which of these tests would identify the cause and severity of heart failure?

A. Electrocardiogram

B. X-Ray

C. Cardiac enzymes

D. Echocardiogram

D. Echocardiogram

Heart failure can usually be treated quickly with which type of drug?

Diuretics

A patient with left heart failure starts to have a cough and dyspnea. Pulmonary symptoms common to left heart failure are a result of...

Pulmonary vascular congestion

A potential cause for right heart failure is...

left heart failure

TRUE/FALSE
Most cases of heart failure are a consequence of coronary heart disease or systemic hypertension.

True

A 72-year-old female has a history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure?

A. Significant edema to both lower legs and feet

B. Hypertension

C. Decreased urine output

D. Dyspnea upon exertion

Significant edema to both lower legs and feet

The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is....

Reduced cardiac output

The following are the causes of heart failure EXCEPT

A. myocardial ischemia

B. Hypertension

C. Valvular stenosis

D. Urinary retention

Urinary retention

The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is...

digitalis

TRUE/FALSE

All forms of shock are associated with inadequate tissue perfusion.

True

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by...

reduced cardiac output (CO)

A patient with cold extremities and low cardiac output is NOT likely to be experiencing ______ shock.

A. Cardiogenic

B. Hypovolemic

C. Obstructive

D. Septic

Septic

A 20-year-old female is being admitted to the hospital with fever and septic shock. Which set of assessment findings would the nurse expect the patient to exhibit?

A. Bradycardia, palpitations, confusion, tuncal rash

B. Severe respiratory distress, jugular venous distention, chest pain

C. Low blood pressure and tachycardia

D. Reduced cardiac output, increased systemic vascular resistance

C. Low blood pressure and tachycardia

TRUE/FALSE
Vasopressor drugs to restore blood pressure are primary therapy for hypovolemic shock

False

A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurological unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is...

A. Hypovolemia caused by blood loss

B. Hypovolemia caused by evaporative fluid losses

C. Vasodilation caused by gram-negative bacterial infection

D. Vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation

D. Vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation

A 5-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock. Which assessment finding will the nurse asses.

A. Bradycardia, decreased arterial pressure, and oliguria

B. Brochoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension

C. Hypertension, anxiety and tachycardia

D. Fever, hypotension, and erythematous rash

B. Brochoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension

True/False

Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with anaphylactic shock.

True

An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her body's compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate and vasoconstriction. She is suffering from _______ shock.

Hypovolemic

TRUE or False

Asthma is a chronic disorder of the alveoli.

False

What is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder?

Smoking

The main reason for air trapping in emphysema is...

loss of recoil traction

Extrinsic asthma is associated with...

IgE-mediated airway inflammation

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of asthma?

A. Cough

B. Wheezing

C. Chest tightening

D. Chest Infection

D. Chest Infection

A patients arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels what is the most likely cause of this situation

hyperventilation

Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is due to

The release of proteolytic enzyme

Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma is related to

exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulaiton

Airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance in asthma is caused by...

mucous secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of a severe asthma attack?

A. Orthopnea

C. Intercostal retractions

C. Tachycardia: >120 beats/min

D. All of the above

All of the above

A 22-year-old present with chronic bronchitis. Test reveal closure of the airway during expiration. This condition is most likely caused by...

A. Thick mucus from hypertrophied glands

B. Pulmonary hypertension

C. Hyperventilation

D. Thinning smooth muscle in the bronchioles

A. Thick mucus from hypertrophied glands

Individuals with a recent diagnosis of chronic bronchitis should be assessed for which most common complication?

A. Left-sided heart failure

B. Pulmonary edema

C. Stroke

D. Cor pulmonale

A child's physician prescribes a bronchodilation agent for her. Which of the following drugs would be in this category?

A. a1 -Adrenergic agonist

B. B2-Adrenergic antagonist

C. Parasympathomimetic

D. B2-Adrenergic agonist

D. B2-Adrenergic agonist

A 60-year-old with a 25-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. Assessment shows an increased anterior-posterior chest diameter. The nurse attributes this finding to:

A. Air trapping

B. Decreased inspiratory reserve volumes

C. Increased flow rates

D. Alveolar destruction

A. Air trapping

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of

A. Ventricular hypoxia

B. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

C. Left ventricular dysfunction

D. hypervolemia

B. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

TRUE/FALSE

Pneumonia is an acute infection of the bronchi

False

True/False

albutamol is a short-acting beta 2 agonist used to treat asthma symptoms.

True

Which of the following would identify the type of pneumonia infection?

A. Sputum culture

B. Chest X-ray

C. Pulse oximetry

D. Arterial blood gas analysis

A. Sputum culture

Which of the following lab values would the nurse expect In a patient who has sustained trauma to the lungs and chest wall and is experiencing respiratory failure?

A. Electrolyte imbalances

B. Elevated PaCO2

C. Low hematocrit

D. Elevated pH

B. Elevated PaCO2

A 50-year-old presents with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left. Based on these assessment findings, what does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?

a. Exudative effusion

b. open pneumothorax

c. Tension pneumothorax

d. Transudative effusion