TRUE/FALSE
Hypertension does NOT produce any signs or symptoms
until vascular damage has occurred in the heart, brain or kidneys.
True
The primary cardiovascular control center is located in the....
medulla oblongata
The drug choice for treating hypertensive diabetic patients is...
ACE inhibitors
A nurse observes a cardiologist multiplying the heart rate by stroke volume, what is the cardiologist measuring?
Cardiac output
A nurse takes an adult patient's BP and determines it to stage I hypertension. What reading did the nurse obtain?
Systolic pressure between 140-159 & diastolic pressure between 90-99
Most of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are documented on the chart as _________ hypotension
primary (no known cause)
*its secondary when the cause is identifiable
A 52-year-old is diagnosed with primary hypertension but has no other health problems. The treatment will start with....
A diuretic
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the....
Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
HIgh blood pressure increases the risk of the following except...
A. stroke
B. renal disease
C. Ischemic heart disease
D. Diabetes
Diabetes
True/False
Stable angina is classified as an acute coronary syndrome.
False
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing risk factor for myocardial infarction?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Hypertension
C. Elevated serum lipid levels
D. Stroke
Stroke
Coronary artery disease occurs when....
A. The body's glucose supply exceeds demand
B. The body's water demand exceeds supply
C. The body's oxygen demand exceeds supply
D. The bpdy's oxygen supply exceeds demand
The body's oxygen demand exceeds supply
The main symptoms of coronary artery disease is...
angina
How long does it take for cardiac troponins to be elevated after a myocardial infarction?
Within 4-6hrs
When a patient is diagnosed with coronary artery disease, the nurse assesses etiology of myocardial as...
A. hypertrophy
B. Ischemia
C. Necrosis
D. Inflammation
Ischemia
A patient is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would the nurse suggest the patient change?
Smoking cigarettes
A 26-year-old female presents to her primary care provider, reporting chest pain at rest and with exertion. She is most likely experiencing which type of angina?
Pizmental (Chest pain at rest and exertion)
A 51-year-old male is at the health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed substernal pain that lasted 2-3 minutes and then was subsiding with rest. He indicates that this occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. The nurse suspects he is most likely experiencing
Stable angina
True/False
Most myocardial infarctions occur when an atherosclerotic plaque stimulates thrombus formation at the site.
True
A 68-year-old male presents to the ER reporting chest pain. He has a history of stable angina that now appears to be unstable. He most likely has...
Impending myocardial infarction (MI)
The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is...
ST-segment elevation
The compensatory mechanisms that are triggered following myocardial infarction...
Increase myocardial oxygen demands
TRUE/FALSE
Heart failure occurs as a result of impaired arterial function due to abnormality of myocardial muscle.
False
Which of these tests would identify the cause and severity of heart failure?
A. Electrocardiogram
B. X-Ray
C. Cardiac enzymes
D. Echocardiogram
D. Echocardiogram
Heart failure can usually be treated quickly with which type of drug?
Diuretics
A patient with left heart failure starts to have a cough and dyspnea. Pulmonary symptoms common to left heart failure are a result of...
Pulmonary vascular congestion
A potential cause for right heart failure is...
left heart failure
TRUE/FALSE
Most cases of heart failure are a consequence of
coronary heart disease or systemic hypertension.
True
A 72-year-old female has a history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure?
A. Significant edema to both lower legs and feet
B. Hypertension
C. Decreased urine output
D. Dyspnea upon exertion
Significant edema to both lower legs and feet
The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is....
Reduced cardiac output
The following are the causes of heart failure EXCEPT
A. myocardial ischemia
B. Hypertension
C. Valvular stenosis
D. Urinary retention
Urinary retention
The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is...
digitalis
TRUE/FALSE
All forms of shock are associated with inadequate tissue perfusion.
True
Cardiogenic shock is characterized by...
reduced cardiac output (CO)
A patient with cold extremities and low cardiac output is NOT likely to be experiencing ______ shock.
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Obstructive
D. Septic
Septic
A 20-year-old female is being admitted to the hospital with fever and septic shock. Which set of assessment findings would the nurse expect the patient to exhibit?
A. Bradycardia, palpitations, confusion, tuncal rash
B. Severe respiratory distress, jugular venous distention, chest pain
C. Low blood pressure and tachycardia
D. Reduced cardiac output, increased systemic vascular resistance
C. Low blood pressure and tachycardia
TRUE/FALSE
Vasopressor drugs to restore blood pressure are
primary therapy for hypovolemic shock
False
A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurological unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is...
A. Hypovolemia caused by blood loss
B. Hypovolemia caused by evaporative fluid losses
C. Vasodilation caused by gram-negative bacterial infection
D. Vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation
D. Vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation
A 5-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock. Which assessment finding will the nurse asses.
A. Bradycardia, decreased arterial pressure, and oliguria
B. Brochoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension
C. Hypertension, anxiety and tachycardia
D. Fever, hypotension, and erythematous rash
B. Brochoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension
True/False
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with anaphylactic shock.
True
An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her body's compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate and vasoconstriction. She is suffering from _______ shock.
Hypovolemic
TRUE or False
Asthma is a chronic disorder of the alveoli.
False
What is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder?
Smoking
The main reason for air trapping in emphysema is...
loss of recoil traction
Extrinsic asthma is associated with...
IgE-mediated airway inflammation
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of asthma?
A. Cough
B. Wheezing
C. Chest tightening
D. Chest Infection
D. Chest Infection
A patients arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels what is the most likely cause of this situation
hyperventilation
Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is due to
The release of proteolytic enzyme
Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma is related to
exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulaiton
Airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance in asthma is caused by...
mucous secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of a severe asthma attack?
A. Orthopnea
C. Intercostal retractions
C. Tachycardia: >120 beats/min
D. All of the above
All of the above
A 22-year-old present with chronic bronchitis. Test reveal closure of the airway during expiration. This condition is most likely caused by...
A. Thick mucus from hypertrophied glands
B. Pulmonary hypertension
C. Hyperventilation
D. Thinning smooth muscle in the bronchioles
A. Thick mucus from hypertrophied glands
Individuals with a recent diagnosis of chronic bronchitis should be assessed for which most common complication?
A. Left-sided heart failure
B. Pulmonary edema
C. Stroke
D. Cor pulmonale
...
A child's physician prescribes a bronchodilation agent for her. Which of the following drugs would be in this category?
A. a1 -Adrenergic agonist
B. B2-Adrenergic antagonist
C. Parasympathomimetic
D. B2-Adrenergic agonist
D. B2-Adrenergic agonist
A 60-year-old with a 25-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. Assessment shows an increased anterior-posterior chest diameter. The nurse attributes this finding to:
A. Air trapping
B. Decreased inspiratory reserve volumes
C. Increased flow rates
D. Alveolar destruction
A. Air trapping
Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of
A. Ventricular hypoxia
B. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
C. Left ventricular dysfunction
D. hypervolemia
B. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
TRUE/FALSE
Pneumonia is an acute infection of the bronchi
False
True/False
albutamol is a short-acting beta 2 agonist used to treat asthma symptoms.
True
Which of the following would identify the type of pneumonia infection?
A. Sputum culture
B. Chest X-ray
C. Pulse oximetry
D. Arterial blood gas analysis
A. Sputum culture
Which of the following lab values would the nurse expect In a patient who has sustained trauma to the lungs and chest wall and is experiencing respiratory failure?
A. Electrolyte imbalances
B. Elevated PaCO2
C. Low hematocrit
D. Elevated pH
B. Elevated PaCO2
A 50-year-old presents with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left. Based on these assessment findings, what does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
a. Exudative effusion
b. open pneumothorax
c. Tension pneumothorax
d. Transudative effusion
...