Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply.

Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they

have no cytoplasmic organelles.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is caused by

absent or diminished levels of progesterone.

Renal insufficiency occurs when _____ of the nephrons are not functional.

75% to 90%

A biliary cause of acute pancreatitis is suggested by an elevation in which serum laboratory results?

Alkaline phosphatase

Total body water in older adults is

decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass.

In addition to E. coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is

urinary retention and reflux.

Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom?

Edema

A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient’s blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.

The condition characterized by oliguria and hematuria is

acute glomerulonephritis.

How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone-related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?

Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness

The most likely cause of anemia in a patient with end-stage renal disease is

insufficient erythropoietin.

Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy.

false

Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of

glucose

A common component of renal calculi is

calcium.

A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop

respiratory alkalosis.

Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in

increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose.

Patients who experience anemic episodes when exposed to certain drugs most likely have

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

It is true that epidural bleeding is

characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury.

The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is

renal colic.

When a patient is struck in the eye by a baseball, the result is redness and swelling. This increase in blood flow to a localized area is called

hyperemia

Respiratory acidosis is associated with

increased carbonic acid.

Legionnaires disease is characterized by

presence of systemic illness.

presence of systemic illness.

cholesterol

A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.

False

Diarrhea causes

metabolic acidosis.

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by

pulmonary congestion.

Pneumocystitis is a term that refers to a

fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV.

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as

bicarbonate ion.

Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include

bounding pulse.

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by

deficiency of ATP.

Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to

decrease left ventricular afterload.

The increased anterior-posterior chest diameter associated with obstructive lung disease is caused by

increased residual lung volumes.

A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit

pulmonary congestion with dyspnea.

When a parent of a toddler recently diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia asks why their child is so much sicker than a classmate was when they were diagnosed with pneumonia, the nurse replies

"It sounds like your child has a case of bacterial pneumonia, while the classmate had viral pneumonia."

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

Liver

The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is

two thirds.

Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

nitric oxide.

The pathology report for a patient with penile cancer has this statement: The tumor involves the shaft of the penis. The cancer is at what stage?

Stage II

The most common type of renal stone is

calcium.

Proto-oncogenes

are normal cellular genes that promote growth.

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression.

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in

increased pH, increased HCO3-.

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

activity restriction.

The final step in clot formation is

clot retraction.

Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have

a productive cough.

Widespread atelectasis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and diffuse, fluffy alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph are characteristic of

acute respiratory distress syndrome.

A cause of thrombocytopenia includes

chemotherapy

Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of

hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia.

The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.

tubular

A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of

increased neuromuscular excitability.

Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of

release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells.

Manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to

sympathetic nervous system activation.

The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the

lower spine.

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?

Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

More than half of the initial cases of pancreatitis are associated with

alcoholism.

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure.

capillary osmotic

What laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia?

Pancytopenia

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is

ST-segment elevation.

A known cause of hypokalemia is

insulin overdose.

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?

carbonic

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)

communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

The most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the United States is

sepsis

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA

Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with

hypophosphatemia.

One of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease is

hypertension

Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?

Jaundice

The arterial oxygen content (CaO2) for a patient with PaO2 100 mm Hg, SaO2 95%, and hemoglobin 15 g/dL is _____ mL oxygen/dL.

19.4

The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include

rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity.

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone.

A 32-year-old female complaining of severe pain with menstruation and inability to participate in her routine household activities is likely experiencing

dysmenorrhea

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

tumor necrosis factor.

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at

decreasing myocardial oxygen demands.

The major underlying factor leading to the edema associated with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome is

proteinuria.

Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by

accumulation of alveolar exudates.

A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is

myeloma

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by

reduced cardiac output.

In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?

Class II, Compensated Stage

Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to

portal hypertension.

A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing

acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is

vasodilation