Which of the following is an acellular microorganism lacking a nucleus?

a. bacterium

b. helminth

c. protozoan

d. virus

a. bacterium

Which of the following is a microorganism that contains organelles?

a. prion

b. bacterium

c. fungus

d. virus

c. fungus

Identify the process or environment in this list that is not affected by microorganisms.

a. oxygen cycles

b. recycling of dead organisms

c. human health

d. all of the above have microbial involvement

d. all of the above have microbial involvement

Which of these organisms do not contain DNA?

a. helminths

b. fungi

c. bacteria

d. prions

d. prions

Microbes are found in which habitat?

a. human body

b. earth's crust

c. oceans

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following processes can be the result of human manipulation of microbial genes?

a. the central dogma

b. natural selection

c. bioremediation

d. abiogenesis

c. bioremediation

When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered

a. a law

b. a speculation

c. a theory

d. proven

c. a theory

The fundamental element of life is considered to be _________, as a result of its superior bonding capabilities.

a. nitrogen

b. oxygen

c. carbon

d. magnesium phosphate

c. carbon

Which of the following is a macromolecule that assembles into bilayers?

a. protein

b. phospholipid

c. nucleic acid

d. carbohydrate

b. phospholipid

Which of the following is used to store energy in cells?

a. ATP

b. RNA

c. DNA

d. protein

a. ATP

DNA leads to RNA, which can lead to the creation of

a. proteins

b. lipids

c. cells

d. oxygen

a. proteins

RNA plays an important role in what biological process?

a. replication

b. protein synthesis

c. lipid metabolism

d. water transport

b. protein synthesis

The first organisms on earth were

a. oxygenic

b. anoxygenic

c. sponges

d. multicellular

b. anoxygenic

Nonpolar molecules like benzene cannot be dissolved in

a. anything

b. polar fluids, like water

c. nonpolar fluids, like alcohol

d. the lab

c. nonpolar fluids, like alcohol

The identities of microorganisms on our planet

a. are mostly known

b. have nearly all been identified via microscopy

c. have nearly all been identified via culturing techniques

d. are still mostly unknown

d. are still mostly unknown

Which of these types of organisms is least likely to be identified to the genus level with light microscopy?

a. bacteria

b. protozoa

c. fungus

d. helminth

a. bacteria

A fastidious organism must be grown on what type of medium?

a. general purpose medium

b. differential medium

c. defined medium

d. enriched medium

d. enriched medium

Viruses are commonly grown in/on

a. animal cells or tissues

b. agar plates

c. broth cultures

d. all of the above

a. animal cells or tissues

Most of the time, microbes in natural circumstances exist

a. as single cells

b. in relationship with other species

c. as single species

d. as colonies on agar

b. in relationship with other species

Diagnosis of infections in a hospitalized person usually requires

a. microscopy

b. culture of samples from the patient

c. palpation of the infected area

d. two of the above

b. culture of samples from the patient

If a Gram stain result is unclear, which of the following should be considered?

a. getting a new sample

b. restraining the same sample

c. identify of the microbe may actually be gram-variable

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Archaea

a. are most genetically related to bacteria

b. contain a nucleus

c. cannot cause disease in humans

d. lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls

d. lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls?

a. an outer membrane

b. peptidoglycan

c. teichoic acid

d. lipopolysaccharides

b. peptidoglycan

Bacterial endospores usually function in

a. reproduction

b. metabolism of nutrients

c. survival

d. storage

c. survival

Which structure plays a direct role in the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells?

a. flagellum

b. pilus

c. capsule

d. fimbria

b. pilus

Nanotubes are extensions of the ________ that can function in _______.

a. membrane, genetic exchange

b. pilus, genetic exchange

c. flagellum, motility

d. membrane, nutrient transfer

d. membrane, nutrient transfer

Find the true statement about biofilms.

a. They are found only in outdoor environments

b. They are found only on artificial medical implants

c. They consist of many representatives of a single bacterial species

d. They complicate the treatment of some infections

d. They complicate the treatment of some infections

Mitochondria likely originated from

a. archaea

b. invagination of the cell membrane

c. the LCA

d. chloroplasts

a. archaea

Yeasts are ______ fungi, and molds are ______ fungi.

a. macroscopic; microscopic

b. unicellular; filamentous

c. motile; nonmotile

d. water; terrestrial

b. unicellular; filamentous

The Golgi apparatus

a. receives vesicles from the mitochondria

b. packages products into transitional vesicles

c. modifies proteins

d. synthesize proteins and sterols

c. modifies proteins

Fungi produce which structures for reproduction and multiplication?

a. endospores

b. cysts

c. spores

d. eggs

c. spores

Which of these organisms has the best potential to survive in extreme environments?

a. fungus

b. trophozoite form of protozoa

c. helminth

d. yeast

a. fungus

Which of these groups now causes more deaths on an annual basis globally than breast cancer?

a. helminths

b. protozoa

c. fungi

d. algae

c. fungi

Which of the following would be most useful to determine whether a clinical isolate is a bacterium, fungus, or protozoan?

a. its size and shape under a light microscope

b. whether it has a cell wall

c. whether it can form protective structures under stress

d. all of the above are reliable

a. its size and shape under a light microscope

_____% of human DNA is thought to consist of viral DNA sequences.

a. 0

b. 100

c. 10-20

d. 40-80

d. 40-80

The host cells that viruses can infect are determined by the

a. receptors on the host cells

b. DNA in host cells

c. proximity of host cells

d. concentration of host cells in vicinity

a. receptors on the host cells

The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle are

a. adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release

b. endocytosis, uncoating, replication, assembly, and budding

c. adsorption, uncoating, duplication, assemble, and penetration

d. endocytosis, penetration, replication, maturation, and exocytosis

a. adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release

When phage nucleic acid is incorporated into the nucleic acid of its host cell and is replicated whent eh host DNA is replicated, this is considered part of which cycle?

a. lytic cycle

b. virulence cycle

c. lysogenic cycle

d. cell cycle

e. multiplication cycle

c. lysogenic cycle

A virus that undergoes lysogeny is a/an

a. temperate phage

b. intermediate phage

c. T-even phage

d. animal virus

e. DNA virus

a. temperate phage

Clear patches in cell cultures that indicate sites of virus infection are called

a. plaques

b. pocks

c. colonies

d. prions

a. plaques

Which descriptors are likely to have applied to the earliest microbes on the planet?

a. chemoautotrophic

b. thermophilic

c. chemoheterotrophic

d. two of the above

d. two of the above

Which of the following is true of passive transport?

a. it requires a gradient

b. it uses the cell call

c. it includes endocytosis

d. it only moves water

a. it requires a gradient

An organism that can synthesize all of its requires organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a

a. photoautotroph

b. photoheterotroph

c. chemoautotroph

d. chemoheterotroph

a. photoautotroph

Most bacteria increase their numbers by

a. sexual reproduction

b. hyphae formation

c. binary fission

d. endocytosis

c. binary fission

A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will ______ by osmosis.

a. gain water

b. lose water

c. neither gain nor lose water

d. burst

b. lose water

A pathogen would most accurately be described as a

a. parasite

b. commensal

c. symbiont

d. saprobe

a. parasite

In a viable count, each ____ represents a ____ from the sample population.

a. CFU, colony

b. colony, CFU

c. hour, generation

d. cell, generation

b. colony, CFU

The electron transport system in bacteria is located on the __________ and in eukaryotic cells on the _________.

a. plastid, chloroplast

b. cytoplasmic membrane, mitochondrion

c. cell wall, mitochondrion

d. mitochondrion, cytoplasmic membrane

b. cytoplasmic membrane, mitochondrion

Many coenzymes are formed from

a. metals

b. vitamins

c. proteins

d. substrates

a. metals

Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of

a. ADP

b. high energy ATP bonds

c. coenzymes

d. inorganic phosphate

b. high energy ATP bonds

Enzyme action can be blocked by competitive molecules binding in the active site, by repressors binding in a distant site, and by

a. product binding to the DNA used to make enzymes

b. substrates being in high concentration

c. incorrect temperature conditions

d. two of the above

d. two of the above

Enzymes that can be shut down or activated based on the presence of chemicals in their environment are called

a. constitutive

b. repressed

c. holoenzymes

d. regulated

d. regulated

The type of microbial metabolic pathway that is most often exploited to make acids and alcohols industrially is

a. aerobic respiration

b. anaerobic respiration

c. fermentation

d. none of the above

c. fermentation

Which of the following is true?

a. the suffix -ase indicates an enzyme

b. often enzymes are named for the substrates they act upon

c. enzymes are larger than their substrates

d. all of the above are true

d. all of the above are true