American Protection Association (APA)

Disliked Christians

Anti-Catholic society

Social Gospel

Church movement to improve conditions affecting society

Booker T Washington

Former slave

Believed that blacks should be educated in trades to achieve economic security

W.E.B DuBois

First African-American to get PhD from Harvard

Wanted immediate political, social, and economic equality for blacks

Morrill Act of 1862

Granted public land to states for support of education

Yellow Journalism

Exaggerating/making up stories to sell newspapers

William Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer

Hull House

Created by Jane Addams

Settlement House (mostly women and children, but also some immigrants)

Worked for goals like anti-sweatshop laws to protect women and child laborers

Demonstrated that the cities offered new challenges and opportunities for women

Old Immigration/Immigrants

1820-1880 mostly immigrants from Western and Northern Europe

Assimilated easily into American society :

- Typically Protestant

- Many looked like native-born Americans

-Spoke the same language

- Usually literate & skilled

- Immigrated in/with entire families

- Usually democratic

New Immigration/Immigrants

1880-1920 mostly immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

Had trouble assimilating into American society :

- Spoke different languages

- Many were Roman Catholic or Jewish

- Did not look like native-born Americans (easy to pick out)

- Mostly single men immigrated

- Usually did not practice democracy (seen as a threat)

- Typically settled in/with their own ethnic groups

- They were the new culture going into the established culture

- Were associated with urban problems

Immigration act of 1924

Limited the number of immigrants allowed into the US based on a national origin quota

Dumbell tenements

High-rise urban buildings that provided barracks-like housing for urban slum dwellers

Birds of Passage

Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a (short period) of time and then returned to their native country/land

Social Worker

Profession established by Jane Addams and others that opened new opportunities for women while engaging urban problems

American Protestant Association

Nativist organization that attacked new immigrants and Roman Catholicism in the 1800s and 1890s

Tuskegee Institute

Black educational institute founded by Booker T Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Organization founded by WEB DuBois and others to advance black social and economic equality

Progress & Poverty

Henry George's best-selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land

Comstock Law

Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

Women and Economics

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's book urging women to enter the workforce and advocating cooperative kitchens and child-care centers

National American Women's Suffrage Association

Organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

Louis Sullivan

Architect connected to invention of high-rise buildings (skyscrapers) in the city

Walter Rauschenbusch

Leading Protestant advocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems

Mary Baker Eddy

Author and founder of a popular new religion based on principles of spiritual healing

How did the urban population change in the late 19th century? What impact do you think this will have on traditional institutions?

Urban population grew immensely

American institutions will also grow and adapt (more diverse)

Jacob Riis

Takes pictures of terrible living conditions in the city

Published a book: “How the other Half Lives" (Book of photographs of immigrant populations in NYC and the living conditions that they are subjected to)

Downsides of City Life

- Facilities can't keep up (sanitation, jails, hospitals, housing)

- More Criminals

- Impure water, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, droppings from draft animals

Consumerism in the city

The beginnings of department stores

This is very desirable to many people (especially middle class)

Also opens up jobs for women - they need workers in the department stores

Commuting in the city

-Electric cars and trollies

- People who didn't live in the city were able to commute there