American Protection Association (APA)
Disliked Christians
Anti-Catholic society
Social Gospel
Church movement to improve conditions affecting society
Booker T Washington
Former slave
Believed that blacks should be educated in trades to achieve economic security
W.E.B DuBois
First African-American to get PhD from Harvard
Wanted immediate political, social, and economic equality for blacks
Morrill Act of 1862
Granted public land to states for support of education
Yellow Journalism
Exaggerating/making up stories to sell newspapers
William Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer
Hull House
Created by Jane Addams
Settlement House (mostly women and children, but also some immigrants)
Worked for goals like anti-sweatshop laws to protect women and child laborers
Demonstrated that the cities offered new challenges and opportunities for women
Old Immigration/Immigrants
1820-1880 mostly immigrants from Western and Northern Europe
Assimilated easily into American society :
- Typically Protestant
- Many looked like native-born Americans
-Spoke the same language
- Usually literate & skilled
- Immigrated in/with entire families
- Usually democratic
New Immigration/Immigrants
1880-1920 mostly immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
Had trouble assimilating into American society :
- Spoke different languages
- Many were Roman Catholic or Jewish
- Did not look like native-born Americans (easy to pick out)
- Mostly single men immigrated
- Usually did not practice democracy (seen as a threat)
- Typically settled in/with their own ethnic groups
- They were the new culture going into the established culture
- Were associated with urban problems
Immigration act of 1924
Limited the number of immigrants allowed into the US based on a national origin quota
Dumbell tenements
High-rise urban buildings that provided barracks-like housing for urban slum dwellers
Birds of Passage
Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a (short period) of time and then returned to their native country/land
Social Worker
Profession established by Jane Addams and others that opened new opportunities for women while engaging urban problems
American Protestant Association
Nativist organization that attacked new immigrants and Roman Catholicism in the 1800s and 1890s
Tuskegee Institute
Black educational institute founded by Booker T Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Organization founded by WEB DuBois and others to advance black social and economic equality
Progress & Poverty
Henry George's best-selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land
Comstock Law
Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents
Women and Economics
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's book urging women to enter the workforce and advocating cooperative kitchens and child-care centers
National American Women's Suffrage Association
Organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption
Louis Sullivan
Architect connected to invention of high-rise buildings (skyscrapers) in the city
Walter Rauschenbusch
Leading Protestant advocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems
Mary Baker Eddy
Author and founder of a popular new religion based on principles of spiritual healing
How did the urban population change in the late 19th century? What impact do you think this will have on traditional institutions?
Urban population grew immensely
American institutions will also grow and adapt (more diverse)
Jacob Riis
Takes pictures of terrible living conditions in the city
Published a book: “How the other Half Lives" (Book of photographs of immigrant populations in NYC and the living conditions that they are subjected to)
Downsides of City Life
- Facilities can't keep up (sanitation, jails, hospitals, housing)
- More Criminals
- Impure water, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, droppings from draft animals
Consumerism in the city
The beginnings of department stores
This is very desirable to many people (especially middle class)
Also opens up jobs for women - they need workers in the department stores
Commuting in the city
-Electric cars and trollies
- People who didn't live in the city were able to commute there