chapter 20
The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the
spleen
The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.
T helper
The thymus produces several complementary hormones called
thymosins
If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T cells
Lymphocyte production does not occur in
the liver
Name the lymphoid tissue that protects epithelia lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. (Module 20.5A)
lacteals
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
tonsils
interferons
lymph nodes
Mucus-associated lymphoid tissue, (MALT)
Identify the three main classes of lymphocytes. (Module 20.4A)
B cell , T cell, Natural Killer cell
Regulatory T cells act to
suppress antigens
________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.
memory
The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
T cells
If you observed a higher-than-normal number of plasma cells in a sample of lymph, would you expect antibody levels in the blood to be higher or lower than normal? (Module 20.17C)
plasma cells produce antibodies so you would expect antibody levels would be higher than normal
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
specific immunity (acquired)
Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine? (Module 20.14B)
artificially acquired active immunity
What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation? (Module 20.15D)
cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity
What is the difference between a lymphocyte and lymph? (Module 20.1A)
a lymphocyte is the primary cell of the lymphatic system. lymph is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessels
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
the vena cavae
Name the two large lymphatic vessels into which the lymphatic trunks empty. (Module 20.3B)
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
What is the function of lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2A)
the function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph fro peripheral tissues to the venous system
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are
IgM
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
allergies
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction? (Module 20.20B)
histamine, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation
An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed
anaphylactic shock
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are
IgA
Which cells produce antibodies? (Module 20.21B)
plasma cells
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects ________ cells.
Helper T cells
In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens
produce a fever
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called
opsonization
Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A
innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except
inhibition of the immune response
What is the effect of histamine release? (Module 20.12C)
histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area
Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A)
inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain
Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A)
immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissue by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells
In opsonization,
A pathogen is coated by protein to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages
Which cells are involved in inflammation?(Module 20.19C)
Basophils and mast cells
The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called
Agglutination
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
Blood vessel
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the
Right breast
Define interferons. (Module 20.12A)
Interferons are small protein released by virus infected cells that trigger the production of antiviral proteins
Nonspecific defenses would not include
Antibodies
Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? (Module 20.4C)
B cells
A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)
Antigen
Describe red pulp and white pulp found in the spleen. (Module 20.7B)
Red pulp contains large number of red blood cells; white pulp resembles lymphoid nodules and contains lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
Respond to antigen
Regulatory T cells act to
Suppress antigens
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
Naturally acquired active immunity
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.
Plasma
A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)
Antigen
_______ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
Tonsils
_______ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
Payer’s patches
Autoantibodies are
Directed against the body’s own antigens
Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except
Helper T cells
How do NK cells detect cancer cells? (Module 20.11B)
NK cells recognize cancer cells by the tumor specific antigens on the plasma membranes of cancer cells
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.
NK cells
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to
An antibody
Nonspecific defenses would not include
Antibodies
Define chemotaxis. (Module 20.10B)
Chemotaxis is the phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli
What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2C)
Valves
The lymphocytes are most important in
Fighting infections