The ___ are channels between cardiac muscles cells that are found within the intercalated discs

gap junctions

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is termed ___

systole

The network of nerve fibers found lining the ventricle walls are called ___

purkinjie fibers

A condition in which the myocardium is partially contracting in an disorganized manner with no effective pumping action is called ___

fibrillation

The serous membrane that surrounds the heart and contains the pericardial fluid is called ___

parietal pericardium

ventricle depolarization =

QRS wave

atrial depolarization =

P wave

ventricle repolarization =

T wave

time in which no action potentials are being generated =

TP interval

smaller heart chambers =

atria

inside lining of the heart chambers =

endocardium

carries blood to the cardiac muscle tissue between the atria and ventricles =

coronary artery

chambers that contain trabeculae carneae =

ventricles

makes up the interatrial septum

myocardium

empties into the right atrium =

coronary sinus

same as the epicardium =

visceral pericardium

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle each heart beat is called the:

stroke volume

An increase in the afterload pressure results in:

stronger contractions by the ventricles

Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of oxygen?

pulmonary veins

Damage to which of tissues would affect the resistance of blood flow throughout the body?

smooth muscle

An ECG (EKG) provides information about:

electrical currents across the heart

Ventricular contraction

begins just after the Q wave

In order for blood to enter the heart

the atria must not only be at rest but the the atrial pressure must be lower than the veins

A and B

Which of the following is longer?

the absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle

The chordae tendineae:

prevent the AV valve flaps from folding into the atrium

During ventricular diastole, the:

ventricles fill with blood from the atria

The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to

ensure the blood flows in one direction

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called the

pulse pressure

Which blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

150/95

The AV node is important because it

directs electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles and delays the transmission of electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting

A and B

Which blood vessel would contain the greatest volume of blood?

vena cava

Select the best statement about blood flow.

it moves slower in veins compared to the capillaries

Which statement best describes arteries?

all carry blood away from the heart

The portion of the cardiac conduction system located in the interventricular septum is the:

bundle branches

The delay in the AV node

ensures that the atria contract and empty their contents into the ventricles

What is not correct concerning the location of the heart

inferior to the diaphragm

The second sound of the heart occurs when:

the semilunar valves close

As a result of the extended absolute refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit

tetanus

A drug like Digitalis, which slows the heart rate, would be given to a patient to:

increase the venous return volume by slowing the heart rate

What is not associated with capillaries

ability to control blood pressure

Which of the following would increase the stroke volume?

when venous return is increased

Ventricle systole:

forces open the semilunar valves

Which statement is false?

medium veins have a MAP of around 60 mmHg

Which conditions would have the fastest effect on peripheral resistance?

decrease the diameter of a vessel

What will increase the heart rate?*

A and B*

A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell last ___ milliseconds

at least 200

The ECG of a person suffering from a complete AV heart block would show

more P waves than QRS waves

Whole blood is the combination of plasma and ___

formed elements

The rarest of the leukocytes is the ___

basophils

The term used to describe the production of blood cells is called ___

hematopoiesis

During childhood, T lymphocytes are programmed in the ___

thymus

How many polypeptide chains make up hemoglobin?

four

When monocytes migrate into the interstitial spaces to fight infection, they change to a different type of cell called ___

macrophages

NO exchange of gases occurs here =

segmental bronchi

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant =

Type ll cells

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins =

respiratory bronchioles

Composed of simple squamous epithelium =

Type l cells

Terminates in alveoli =

alveolar duct

composed of cuboidal cells

type ll cells

the respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ___

type l cells

TV + IRV + ERV + RV =

total lung capacity

ERV + RV =

functional residual capacity

TV + IRV + ERV =

vital capacity

TV + IRV

inspiratory capacity

Stem cell for all formed elements =

myeloid

Numbers of this cell will increase during a parasitic infection =

eosinophils

hemostasis

fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding

A phagocytic cell that is found in the tissues =

monocytes

Releases heparin in response to inflammation =

basophils

Most common white blood cell =

neutrophils

Produce antibodies to attack antigens =

B-lymphocytes

T/F: each hemoglobin molecule can only carry two molecules of oxygen

false

T/F: the immediate response to blood vessel injury is coagulation

False

T/F: when erythrocytes are destroyed, some of the heme is converted into bilirubin and then secreted as bile

true

T/F: basophils increase in number when parasitic invasions occurs

false

T/F: lymphocytes reside temporarily in lymphoid tissue, then move to other parts of the body

true

T/F: Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine

false

T/F: as carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect)

false

T/F: a drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate

false

T/F: the parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall

true

Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

there are no antibodies to A, B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

kidney

If a person is severely dehydrated you would expect to see all of the following EXCEPT ___

lower immunity

Leukocytes displaying red cytoplasmic granules when treated with Wright's stain are most likely ___

eosinophils

What would you except to have the least effect on hematocrit percentage?

prolonged or excessive fever

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would except to see ___

increased hematocrit

A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering ___

a bacterial infection

The cells responsible for producing platelets are called ___

megakaryocytes

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that ___

white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

A patient with type A positive blood can, in theory, safely donate blood to someone with ___ blood

A positive or AB positive

What is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

blood vessels

Peyer's patches are found in the distal portion of the ___

small intestine

Which lymphoid organs and tissues are characterized by a cortex and medulla?

lymphoid nodes and thymus only

What would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ?

pancreas

When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ___

severe localized edema (swelling) distal to the blockage of that limb

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of lymph?

lymphatic capillaries to lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks to lymphatic ducks

Select the correct statement about lymph transport

lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles

Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age?

thymus

Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ___

thymus

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ___

lingual tonsils

What provides the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

alveoli

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ___

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

Boyle's law

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ___

Boyle's law

Tidal volume is air ___

exchanged during normal breathing

What is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

number of red blood cells

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ___

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type l and type ll alveolar cells. The function of the type ll alveolar cells is to ___

secrete surfactant

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases

Dalton's law

What counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

chloride shifting

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ___

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

partial pressure gradient

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ___

helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

What is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?

thick layer of mucus lining the cavity

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ___

inspiratory reserve volume

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ___

increase of carbon dioxide

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

T/F: fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach through hormonal and neuronal signals

true

T/F: dentin anchors the tooth in place

false

T/F: the major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis

true

T/F: the soft palate reflexively opens the nasopharynx to allow the passage of food, which is now called a bolus

false

T/F: when swallowing, the glottis covers the epiglottis

true*

T/F: most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid

false

T/F: all the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels

true

T/F: food often contains bacteria, but the HCL of the stomach is effective in killing most ingested microbes

true

T/F: the digestive function of the liver is to produce digestive enzymes

false

T/F: the pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function

true

T/F: the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal pelvic cavity

true*

T/F: a stimulus for production of intestinal hormones is distention or irritation mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme

true

T/F: the largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase

false

T/F: increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin

false

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is less acidic

false

T/F: the macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond the changes in the water content to the filtrate

false

T/F: atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption

true

T/F: high blood pressure triggers granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex to release renin

false

T/F: both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems

false

T/F: in the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically

true

T/F: glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process

false

T/F: the proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct

false

T/F: the path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is in the renal calyces, renal pelvis, urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter

false

T/F: blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than most parts of the body in order to conserve body water

false

T/F: incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition

true

T/F: if the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine

false

The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which condition?

decreased pH and increased pCO2

What are NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

number of red blood cells

What does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation?

nitric oxide

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ___

helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

What is NOT a stimulus for breathing?

rising blood pressure

What counteracts with the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

chloride shifting

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

partial pressure gradient

What statement about CO2 is FALSE?

more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs

What incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

Blood cells and plasma proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.

increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduce the amount of filtration

What is NOT a function of the urinary system?

regulation of lymphocyte production

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

net filtration would decrease

The factor that promotes filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ___

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure with in the glomerular capillaries.

the volume of the plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole

What is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

macula densa

The ureters are composed of ___ epithelium

transitional

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), what is NOT likely to occur?

systemic blood pressure will decrease

What is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

creatinine

What is NOT a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

by secreting sodium ions

What is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle?

vasa recta

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur

systemic blood pressure will decrease

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule of water is due to a(n) ___

increase in the production of ADH

Except for potassium ions, tubular secretion of most unwanted substances occurs in the ___

proximal convoluted tubule

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ___

secondary active transport

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80 mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. What is NOT likely to occur?

kidney perfusion will increase

The function of angiotensin ll is to ___

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

The fluid found in the glomerular space is similar to plasma except that is does NOT contain a significant amount of ___

plasma proteins

What acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

stretching of the bladder wall

What is NOT a function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

podocyte cells

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ___

by a decrease in the blood pressure

Nervous stimulation of gastric secretion is provided by ___

the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ___

digestion

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ___

chief cells of the stomach

What produces intrinsic factor?

parietal cells

What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?

intrinsic factor

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

What is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

there are 32 permanent teeth and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge

What is NOT true of saliva?

contains acids which aid in chemical digestion

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ___

catabolism

What is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption?

the esophagus

The lamina propria is composed of ___

loose connective tissue

What is NOT a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?

renin

What would likely be absorbed in the stomach?

a serving of alcohol

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

B12

The bolus is liquefied in the ___ and it is now called chyme

stomach

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ___

lamina propria

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ___

chemical digestion

What part of the tooth bears the force and resists the friction of chewing?

enamel

Major regions of the large intestine include the

ascending/descending colon, cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

Which water-soluble vitamin cannot be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa unless it has been bound to intrinsic factor?

vitamin B12

Steroid hormones include what?

sex and adrenal cortical hormones

In Type II diabetes, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This suggests that the target cells

may lack enough insulin receptors

The fold of skin that covers the tip of the penis is the

prepuce

The neck or narrowing portion of the uterus is called the:

cervix

The structure responsible for producing 60% of the ejaculate fluid and is slightly alkaline is:

the seminal vesicle

In regards to tissue composition, the penis is to the male as the ___ is to the female

clitoris

Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation?

the endometrium enters its secretory phase

A sperm or egg is sometimes referred to as a "Haploid" cell. What does this contain?

23 chromosomes

When stimulated by a specific hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably

a peptide

The link between the first messenger and the second messenger in a cell is referred to as

a G protein

When the level of ADH is decreased:

more urine is produced

The erectile tissue that directly surrounds the urethra in the male is called the:

corpus spongiosum

The inside lining of the uterus is termed:

endometrium

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

What is an incorrect statement about hormones

they are used to communicate between different organisms

What hormone binds with a receptor inside the cell?

testosterone

The homologous chromosomes become separated during ___ of meiosis

anaphase l

Which of the following is not a tropic hormone?

growth hormone

One of the least complicated of the endocrine release mechanisms directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

The small paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the

bulbourethral glands

To increase blood calcium levels in the blood, the body would increase the

parathyroid hormone*

Nurse Nancy should except a client with hypothyroidism to report which health concerns

puffiness of the face and hands

Which hormone does not act on another endocrine gland?

growth hormone

An increase in estrogen within the body has the most effect of which stage in the ovarian cycle?

the follicular phase*

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a condition known as ___

goiter

Menstruation is initiated by

a drop in estrogen and progesterone*

A reduction in iodine within the diet could affect production of which of the following hormones?

thyroid hormone

Three of the four answers listed below have two sets of chromosomes. Select the exception.

gamete

Hormones can alter cellular operations by doing all the following, except:

permeability of a nuclear membrane

If a parent cell has 16 chromosomes and undergoes meiosis, the resulting cells will have how many chromosomes?

8

The hypothalamus hormone that controls the release of aldosterone is

angiotensin ll

The Luteal phase occurs during days

10-14

The adrenal glands are located:

atop both kidneys

The release of an egg from the follicle in the ovary is termed:

ovulation

In which phase does independent assortment take place in meiosis?

metaphase l

Which of the following is NOT a function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

increased production of stomach acid

Bile salts surround fat soluble molecules creating Micelles. This role of bile salts is best described as ___.

liquid emulsification

Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells

occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine?

is longer than the small intestine

What is an essential role plated by large intestine bacteria?

synthesizes vitamin K

A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ___

it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominal pelvic

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ___

chemical digestion

During the defecation reflex, the

the internal anal sphincter relaxes and the external anal sphincter contracts

Functions of the large intestine include

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces

An expanded pouch in the region of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the

cecum