front 1 The ___ are channels between cardiac muscles cells that are found within the intercalated discs | back 1 gap junctions |
front 2 The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is termed ___ | back 2 systole |
front 3 The network of nerve fibers found lining the ventricle walls are called ___ | back 3 purkinjie fibers |
front 4 A condition in which the myocardium is partially contracting in an disorganized manner with no effective pumping action is called ___ | back 4 fibrillation |
front 5 The serous membrane that surrounds the heart and contains the pericardial fluid is called ___ | back 5 parietal pericardium |
front 6 ventricle depolarization = | back 6 QRS wave |
front 7 atrial depolarization = | back 7 P wave |
front 8 ventricle repolarization = | back 8 T wave |
front 9 time in which no action potentials are being generated = | back 9 TP interval |
front 10 smaller heart chambers = | back 10 atria |
front 11 inside lining of the heart chambers = | back 11 endocardium |
front 12 carries blood to the cardiac muscle tissue between the atria and ventricles = | back 12 coronary artery |
front 13 chambers that contain trabeculae carneae = | back 13 ventricles |
front 14 makes up the interatrial septum | back 14 myocardium |
front 15 empties into the right atrium = | back 15 coronary sinus |
front 16 same as the epicardium = | back 16 visceral pericardium |
front 17 The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle each heart beat is called the: | back 17 stroke volume |
front 18 An increase in the afterload pressure results in: | back 18 stronger contractions by the ventricles |
front 19 Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of oxygen? | back 19 pulmonary veins |
front 20 Damage to which of tissues would affect the resistance of blood flow throughout the body? | back 20 smooth muscle |
front 21 An ECG (EKG) provides information about: | back 21 electrical currents across the heart |
front 22 Ventricular contraction | back 22 begins just after the Q wave |
front 23 In order for blood to enter the heart | back 23 the atria must not only be at rest but the the atrial pressure must be lower than the veins A and B |
front 24 Which of the following is longer? | back 24 the absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle |
front 25 The chordae tendineae: | back 25 prevent the AV valve flaps from folding into the atrium |
front 26 During ventricular diastole, the: | back 26 ventricles fill with blood from the atria |
front 27 The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to | back 27 ensure the blood flows in one direction |
front 28 The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called the | back 28 pulse pressure |
front 29 Which blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? | back 29 150/95 |
front 30 The AV node is important because it | back 30 directs electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles and delays the transmission of electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting A and B |
front 31 Which blood vessel would contain the greatest volume of blood? | back 31 vena cava |
front 32 Select the best statement about blood flow. | back 32 it moves slower in veins compared to the capillaries |
front 33 Which statement best describes arteries? | back 33 all carry blood away from the heart |
front 34 The portion of the cardiac conduction system located in the interventricular septum is the: | back 34 bundle branches |
front 35 The delay in the AV node | back 35 ensures that the atria contract and empty their contents into the ventricles |
front 36 What is not correct concerning the location of the heart | back 36 inferior to the diaphragm |
front 37 The second sound of the heart occurs when: | back 37 the semilunar valves close |
front 38 As a result of the extended absolute refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit | back 38 tetanus |
front 39 A drug like Digitalis, which slows the heart rate, would be given to a patient to: | back 39 increase the venous return volume by slowing the heart rate |
front 40 What is not associated with capillaries | back 40 ability to control blood pressure |
front 41 Which of the following would increase the stroke volume? | back 41 when venous return is increased |
front 42 Ventricle systole: | back 42 forces open the semilunar valves |
front 43 Which statement is false? | back 43 medium veins have a MAP of around 60 mmHg |
front 44 Which conditions would have the fastest effect on peripheral resistance? | back 44 decrease the diameter of a vessel |
front 45 What will increase the heart rate?* | back 45 A and B* |
front 46 A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell last ___ milliseconds | back 46 at least 200 |
front 47 The ECG of a person suffering from a complete AV heart block would show | back 47 more P waves than QRS waves |
front 48 Whole blood is the combination of plasma and ___ | back 48 formed elements |
front 49 The rarest of the leukocytes is the ___ | back 49 basophils |
front 50 The term used to describe the production of blood cells is called ___ | back 50 hematopoiesis |
front 51 During childhood, T lymphocytes are programmed in the ___ | back 51 thymus |
front 52 How many polypeptide chains make up hemoglobin? | back 52 four |
front 53 When monocytes migrate into the interstitial spaces to fight infection, they change to a different type of cell called ___ | back 53 macrophages |
front 54 NO exchange of gases occurs here = | back 54 segmental bronchi |
front 55 Secrete a fluid containing surfactant = | back 55 Type ll cells |
front 56 Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins = | back 56 respiratory bronchioles |
front 57 Composed of simple squamous epithelium = | back 57 Type l cells |
front 58 Terminates in alveoli = | back 58 alveolar duct |
front 59 composed of cuboidal cells | back 59 type ll cells |
front 60 the respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ___ | back 60 type l cells |
front 61 TV + IRV + ERV + RV = | back 61 total lung capacity |
front 62 ERV + RV = | back 62 functional residual capacity |
front 63 TV + IRV + ERV = | back 63 vital capacity |
front 64 TV + IRV | back 64 inspiratory capacity |
front 65 Stem cell for all formed elements = | back 65 myeloid |
front 66 Numbers of this cell will increase during a parasitic infection = | back 66 eosinophils |
front 67 hemostasis | back 67 fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding |
front 68 A phagocytic cell that is found in the tissues = | back 68 monocytes |
front 69 Releases heparin in response to inflammation = | back 69 basophils |
front 70 Most common white blood cell = | back 70 neutrophils |
front 71 Produce antibodies to attack antigens = | back 71 B-lymphocytes |
front 72 T/F: each hemoglobin molecule can only carry two molecules of oxygen | back 72 false |
front 73 T/F: the immediate response to blood vessel injury is coagulation | back 73 False |
front 74 T/F: when erythrocytes are destroyed, some of the heme is converted into bilirubin and then secreted as bile | back 74 true |
front 75 T/F: basophils increase in number when parasitic invasions occurs | back 75 false |
front 76 T/F: lymphocytes reside temporarily in lymphoid tissue, then move to other parts of the body | back 76 true |
front 77 T/F: Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine | back 77 false |
front 78 T/F: as carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect) | back 78 false |
front 79 T/F: a drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate | back 79 false |
front 80 T/F: the parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall | back 80 true |
front 81 Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean? | back 81 there are no antibodies to A, B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma |
front 82 What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? | back 82 kidney |
front 83 If a person is severely dehydrated you would expect to see all of the following EXCEPT ___ | back 83 lower immunity |
front 84 Leukocytes displaying red cytoplasmic granules when treated with Wright's stain are most likely ___ | back 84 eosinophils |
front 85 What would you except to have the least effect on hematocrit percentage? | back 85 prolonged or excessive fever |
front 86 With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would except to see ___ | back 86 increased hematocrit |
front 87 A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering ___ | back 87 a bacterial infection |
front 88 The cells responsible for producing platelets are called ___ | back 88 megakaryocytes |
front 89 If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that ___ | back 89 white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells |
front 90 What is the average normal pH range of blood? | back 90 7.35-7.45 |
front 91 A patient with type A positive blood can, in theory, safely donate blood to someone with ___ blood | back 91 A positive or AB positive |
front 92 What is NOT a part of the lymphatic system? | back 92 blood vessels |
front 93 Peyer's patches are found in the distal portion of the ___ | back 93 small intestine |
front 94 Which lymphoid organs and tissues are characterized by a cortex and medulla? | back 94 lymphoid nodes and thymus only |
front 95 What would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ? | back 95 pancreas |
front 96 When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ___ | back 96 severe localized edema (swelling) distal to the blockage of that limb |
front 97 Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of lymph? | back 97 lymphatic capillaries to lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks to lymphatic ducks |
front 98 Select the correct statement about lymph transport | back 98 lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles |
front 99 Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age? | back 99 thymus |
front 100 Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ___ | back 100 thymus |
front 101 The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ___ | back 101 lingual tonsils |
front 102 What provides the greatest surface area for gas exchange? | back 102 alveoli |
front 103 Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ___ | back 103 greater than the pressure in the atmosphere |
front 104 Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas? | back 104 Boyle's law |
front 105 The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ___ | back 105 Boyle's law |
front 106 Tidal volume is air ___ | back 106 exchanged during normal breathing |
front 107 What is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? | back 107 number of red blood cells |
front 108 In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ___ | back 108 only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood |
front 109 The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type l and type ll alveolar cells. The function of the type ll alveolar cells is to ___ | back 109 secrete surfactant |
front 110 The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases | back 110 Dalton's law |
front 111 What counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? | back 111 chloride shifting |
front 112 Intrapulmonary pressure is the ___ | back 112 pressure within the alveoli of the lungs |
front 113 What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? | back 113 partial pressure gradient |
front 114 The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ___ | back 114 helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood |
front 115 What is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs? | back 115 thick layer of mucus lining the cavity |
front 116 The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ___ | back 116 inspiratory reserve volume |
front 117 The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ___ | back 117 increase of carbon dioxide |
front 118 For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first? | back 118 diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises |
front 119 How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood? | back 119 as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells |
front 120 T/F: fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach through hormonal and neuronal signals | back 120 true |
front 121 T/F: dentin anchors the tooth in place | back 121 false |
front 122 T/F: the major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis | back 122 true |
front 123 T/F: the soft palate reflexively opens the nasopharynx to allow the passage of food, which is now called a bolus | back 123 false |
front 124 T/F: when swallowing, the glottis covers the epiglottis | back 124 true* |
front 125 T/F: most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid | back 125 false |
front 126 T/F: all the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels | back 126 true |
front 127 T/F: food often contains bacteria, but the HCL of the stomach is effective in killing most ingested microbes | back 127 true |
front 128 T/F: the digestive function of the liver is to produce digestive enzymes | back 128 false |
front 129 T/F: the pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function | back 129 true |
front 130 T/F: the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal pelvic cavity | back 130 true* |
front 131 T/F: a stimulus for production of intestinal hormones is distention or irritation mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme | back 131 true |
front 132 T/F: the largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase | back 132 false |
front 133 T/F: increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin | back 133 false |
front 134 Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is less acidic | back 134 false |
front 135 T/F: the macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond the changes in the water content to the filtrate | back 135 false |
front 136 T/F: atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption | back 136 true |
front 137 T/F: high blood pressure triggers granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex to release renin | back 137 false |
front 138 T/F: both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems | back 138 false |
front 139 T/F: in the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically | back 139 true |
front 140 T/F: glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process | back 140 false |
front 141 T/F: the proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct | back 141 false |
front 142 T/F: the path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is in the renal calyces, renal pelvis, urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter | back 142 false |
front 143 T/F: blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than most parts of the body in order to conserve body water | back 143 false |
front 144 T/F: incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition | back 144 true |
front 145 T/F: if the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine | back 145 false |
front 146 The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which condition? | back 146 decreased pH and increased pCO2 |
front 147 What are NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? | back 147 number of red blood cells |
front 148 What does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation? | back 148 nitric oxide |
front 149 The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ___ | back 149 helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood |
front 150 What is NOT a stimulus for breathing? | back 150 rising blood pressure |
front 151 What counteracts with the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? | back 151 chloride shifting |
front 152 What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? | back 152 partial pressure gradient |
front 153 What statement about CO2 is FALSE? | back 153 more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs |
front 154 What incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? | back 154 attached to the heme part of hemoglobin |
front 155 Blood cells and plasma proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration. | back 155 increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduce the amount of filtration |
front 156 What is NOT a function of the urinary system? | back 156 regulation of lymphocyte production |
front 157 What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? | back 157 net filtration would decrease |
front 158 The factor that promotes filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ___ | back 158 glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
front 159 Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure with in the glomerular capillaries. | back 159 the volume of the plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole |
front 160 What is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? | back 160 macula densa |
front 161 The ureters are composed of ___ epithelium | back 161 transitional |
front 162 If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), what is NOT likely to occur? | back 162 systemic blood pressure will decrease |
front 163 What is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? | back 163 creatinine |
front 164 What is NOT a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? | back 164 by secreting sodium ions |
front 165 What is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle? | back 165 vasa recta |
front 166 If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur | back 166 systemic blood pressure will decrease |
front 167 An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule of water is due to a(n) ___ | back 167 increase in the production of ADH |
front 168 Except for potassium ions, tubular secretion of most unwanted substances occurs in the ___ | back 168 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 169 Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ___ | back 169 secondary active transport |
front 170 If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80 mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. What is NOT likely to occur? | back 170 kidney perfusion will increase |
front 171 The function of angiotensin ll is to ___ | back 171 constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure |
front 172 The fluid found in the glomerular space is similar to plasma except that is does NOT contain a significant amount of ___ | back 172 plasma proteins |
front 173 What acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? | back 173 stretching of the bladder wall |
front 174 What is NOT a function of the juxtaglomerular complex? | back 174 podocyte cells |
front 175 The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ___ | back 175 by a decrease in the blood pressure |
front 176 Nervous stimulation of gastric secretion is provided by ___ | back 176 the vagus nerve and enteric plexus |
front 177 The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ___ | back 177 digestion |
front 178 Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ___ | back 178 chief cells of the stomach |
front 179 What produces intrinsic factor? | back 179 parietal cells |
front 180 What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? | back 180 intrinsic factor |
front 181 From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. | back 181 mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa |
front 182 What is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? | back 182 there are 32 permanent teeth and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge |
front 183 What is NOT true of saliva? | back 183 contains acids which aid in chemical digestion |
front 184 Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ___ | back 184 catabolism |
front 185 What is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption? | back 185 the esophagus |
front 186 The lamina propria is composed of ___ | back 186 loose connective tissue |
front 187 What is NOT a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? | back 187 renin |
front 188 What would likely be absorbed in the stomach? | back 188 a serving of alcohol |
front 189 Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? | back 189 B12 |
front 190 The bolus is liquefied in the ___ and it is now called chyme | back 190 stomach |
front 191 The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ___ | back 191 lamina propria |
front 192 When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ___ | back 192 chemical digestion |
front 193 What part of the tooth bears the force and resists the friction of chewing? | back 193 enamel |
front 194 Major regions of the large intestine include the | back 194 ascending/descending colon, cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, rectum |
front 195 Which water-soluble vitamin cannot be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa unless it has been bound to intrinsic factor? | back 195 vitamin B12 |
front 196 Steroid hormones include what? | back 196 sex and adrenal cortical hormones |
front 197 In Type II diabetes, insulin levels are frequently normal, yet the target cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This suggests that the target cells | back 197 may lack enough insulin receptors |
front 198 The fold of skin that covers the tip of the penis is the | back 198 prepuce |
front 199 The neck or narrowing portion of the uterus is called the: | back 199 cervix |
front 200 The structure responsible for producing 60% of the ejaculate fluid and is slightly alkaline is: | back 200 the seminal vesicle |
front 201 In regards to tissue composition, the penis is to the male as the ___ is to the female | back 201 clitoris |
front 202 Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation? | back 202 the endometrium enters its secretory phase |
front 203 A sperm or egg is sometimes referred to as a "Haploid" cell. What does this contain? | back 203 23 chromosomes |
front 204 When stimulated by a specific hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably | back 204 a peptide |
front 205 The link between the first messenger and the second messenger in a cell is referred to as | back 205 a G protein |
front 206 When the level of ADH is decreased: | back 206 more urine is produced |
front 207 The erectile tissue that directly surrounds the urethra in the male is called the: | back 207 corpus spongiosum |
front 208 The inside lining of the uterus is termed: | back 208 endometrium |
front 209 The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on | back 209 the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ |
front 210 What is an incorrect statement about hormones | back 210 they are used to communicate between different organisms |
front 211 What hormone binds with a receptor inside the cell? | back 211 testosterone |
front 212 The homologous chromosomes become separated during ___ of meiosis | back 212 anaphase l |
front 213 Which of the following is not a tropic hormone? | back 213 growth hormone |
front 214 One of the least complicated of the endocrine release mechanisms directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? | back 214 humoral stimulation |
front 215 The small paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the | back 215 bulbourethral glands |
front 216 To increase blood calcium levels in the blood, the body would increase the | back 216 parathyroid hormone* |
front 217 Nurse Nancy should except a client with hypothyroidism to report which health concerns | back 217 puffiness of the face and hands |
front 218 Which hormone does not act on another endocrine gland? | back 218 growth hormone |
front 219 An increase in estrogen within the body has the most effect of which stage in the ovarian cycle? | back 219 the follicular phase* |
front 220 An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a condition known as ___ | back 220 goiter |
front 221 Menstruation is initiated by | back 221 a drop in estrogen and progesterone* |
front 222 A reduction in iodine within the diet could affect production of which of the following hormones? | back 222 thyroid hormone |
front 223 Three of the four answers listed below have two sets of chromosomes. Select the exception. | back 223 gamete |
front 224 Hormones can alter cellular operations by doing all the following, except: | back 224 permeability of a nuclear membrane |
front 225 If a parent cell has 16 chromosomes and undergoes meiosis, the resulting cells will have how many chromosomes? | back 225 8 |
front 226 The hypothalamus hormone that controls the release of aldosterone is | back 226 angiotensin ll |
front 227 The Luteal phase occurs during days | back 227 10-14 |
front 228 The adrenal glands are located: | back 228 atop both kidneys |
front 229 The release of an egg from the follicle in the ovary is termed: | back 229 ovulation |
front 230 In which phase does independent assortment take place in meiosis? | back 230 metaphase l |
front 231 Which of the following is NOT a function of cholecystokinin (CCK)? | back 231 increased production of stomach acid |
front 232 Bile salts surround fat soluble molecules creating Micelles. This role of bile salts is best described as ___. | back 232 liquid emulsification |
front 233 Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells | back 233 occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane |
front 234 Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine? | back 234 is longer than the small intestine |
front 235 What is an essential role plated by large intestine bacteria? | back 235 synthesizes vitamin K |
front 236 A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ___ | back 236 it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominal pelvic |
front 237 When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ___ | back 237 chemical digestion |
front 238 During the defecation reflex, the | back 238 the internal anal sphincter relaxes and the external anal sphincter contracts |
front 239 Functions of the large intestine include | back 239 reabsorption of water and compaction of feces |
front 240 An expanded pouch in the region of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the | back 240 cecum |