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Chapter 14
front 1 1) A commensal bacterium A) does not receive any benefit from its host. B) is beneficial to its host. C) may also be an opportunistic pathogen. D) isnt capable of causing disease in its host. E) always causes disease in its host. | back 1 C) may also be an opportunistic pathogen. |
front 2 2) Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Both members are harmed in a symbiotic relationship. B) Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other. C) A parasite is not in symbiosis with its host. D) Symbiosis always refers to different organisms living together and benefiting from each other. E) At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship. | back 2 E) At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship. |
front 3 3) A nosocomial infection is A) always present, but is inapparent at the time of hospitalization. B) acquired during the course of hospitalization. C) always caused by medical personnel. D) only a result of surgery. E) always caused by pathogenic bacteria. | back 3 B) acquired during the course of hospitalization. |
front 4 4) The major significance of Robert Kochs work is that A) microorganisms are present in a diseased animal. B) diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another. C) microorganisms can be cultured. D) microorganisms cause disease. E) microorganisms are the result of disease. | back 4 D) microorganisms cause disease. |
front 5 5) Which of the following is NOT a verified exception in the use of Kochs postulates? A) Some diseases have poorly defined etiologies. B) Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions. C) Some human diseases have no other known animal host. D) Some diseases are not caused by microbes. E) Some diseases are noncommunicable. | back 5 E) Some diseases are noncommunicable. |
front 6 6) Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection? A) botulism B) tuberculosis C) measles D) the common cold E) diphtheria | back 6 A) botulism |
front 7 7) Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission A) occurs when a pathogen is carried on the feet of an insect. B) involves fomites. C) involves reproduction of a pathogen in an arthropod vector prior to transmission. D) requires direct contact. E) works only with noncommunicable diseases. | back 7 C) involves reproduction of a pathogen in an arthropod vector prior to transmission. |
front 8 8) Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT? A) endemic: a disease that is constantly present in a population B) epidemic: a disease that is endemic across the world C) pandemic: a disease that affects a large number of people in the world in a short time D) sporadic: a disease that affects a population occasionally E) incidence: number of new cases of a disease | back 8 B) epidemic: a disease that is endemic across the world |
front 9 9) Focal infections initially start out as A) sepsis. B) bacteremia. C) local infections. D) septicemia. E) systemic infections. | back 9 C) local infections. |
front 10 10) The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can be directly attributed to A) increased use of antibiotics. B) improved handwashing. C) vaccinations. D) antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. E) None of the answers is correct. | back 10 C) vaccinations. |
front 11 11) Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is this condition called? A) bacteremia B) focal infection C) local infection D) septicemia E) systemic infection | back 11 D) septicemia |
front 12 12) Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections? A) antibiotic resistance B) lapse in aseptic techniques C) gram-negative cell walls D) lack of handwashing E) lack of insect control | back 12 C) gram-negative cell walls |
front 13 13) Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota A) cause diseases. B) are found in a certain location on the host. C) are always acquired by direct contact. D) are present for a relatively short time. E) never cause disease. | back 13 D) are present for a relatively short time. |
front 14 14) Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is FALSE? A) They occur in compromised patients. B) They may be caused by opportunists. C) They may be caused by drug-resistant bacteria. D) They may be caused by normal microbiota. E) The patient was infected before hospitalization. | back 14 E) The patient was infected before hospitalization. Answer: E |
front 15 15) One effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result in A) body odor. B) fewer diseases. C) increased susceptibility to disease. D) normal microbiota returning immediately. E) no bacterial growth because washing removes their food source. | back 15 C) increased susceptibility to disease. |
front 16 16) Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection? A) a sick person B) a healthy person C) a sick animal D) a hospital E) None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection. | back 16 E) None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection. |
front 17 17) Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease? A) malaria B) AIDS C) tuberculosis D) tetanus E) typhoid fever | back 17 D) tetanus |
front 18 18) Which of the following is a fomite? A) water B) droplets from a sneeze C) pus D) insects E) a hypodermic needle | back 18 E) a hypodermic needle |
front 19 19) Which of the following statements about biological transmission is FALSE? A) The pathogen reproduces in the vector. B) The pathogen may enter the host in the vectors feces. C) Houseflies are an important vector. D) The pathogen may be injected by the bite of the vector. E) The pathogen may require the vector as a host. | back 19 C) Houseflies are an important vector. |
front 20 20) Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT? A) acute: a short-lasting primary infection B) inapparent: infection characteristic of a carrier state C) chronic: a disease that develops slowly and lasts for months D) primary infection: an initial illness E) secondary infection: a long-lasting illness | back 20 E) secondary infection: a long-lasting illness |
front 21 21) Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms A) are changes felt by the patient. B) are changes observed by the physician. C) are specific for a particular disease. D) always occur as part of a syndrome. E) None of the answers is correct. | back 21 A) are changes felt by the patient. |
front 22 22) The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called A) ecology. B) epidemiology. C) communicable disease. D) morbidity and mortality. E) public health. | back 22 B) epidemiology. |
front 23  Figure 14.1 shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level? A) a B) b C) c D) d E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided. | back 23 D) d |
front 24 24) Emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT A) antibiotic resistance. B) climatic changes. C) new strains of previously known agents. D) ease of travel. E) The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these. | back 24 E) The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these. |
front 25 25) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) malaria vector B) salmonellosis vehicle transmission C) syphilis direct contact D) influenza droplet infection E) None of the pairs is mismatched. | back 25 E) None of the pairs is mismatched. |
front 26 26) Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections? A) using syringes more than once B) normal microbiota on the operating room staff C) errors in aseptic technique D) antibiotic resistance E) All of the answers are correct. | back 26 E) All of the answers are correct. |
front 27  In Figure 14.2, when is the prevalence the highest? A) July B) January C) February D) March E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided. | back 27 C) February |
front 28 28) A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of A) direct contact. B) droplet transmission. C) fomite. D) vector. E) vehicle transmission. | back 28 E) vehicle transmission. |
front 29 29) A researcher has performed a prospective study on a disease. To which specific kind of epidemiological study is this referring? A) analytical B) case control C) descriptive D) experimental E) prodromal | back 29 C) descriptive |
front 30 30) The CDC is located in A) Atlanta, GA. B) Washington, DC. C) New York City, NY. D) Los Angeles, CA. E) Chicago, IL. | back 30 A) Atlanta, GA. |
front 31 31) A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as A) subacute. B) subclinical. C) latent. D) zoonotic. E) acute. | back 31 C) latent. |
front 32 32) A needlestick is an example of A) direct contact. B) droplet transmission. C) indirect contact transmission by fomite. D) direct biological transmission by vector. E) vehicle transmission. | back 32 C) indirect contact transmission by fomite. |
front 33 33) Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease? A) lifestyle B) genetic background C) climate D) occupation E) All of these are predisposing factors of disease. | back 33 E) All of these are predisposing factors of disease. |
front 34 34) In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor? A) urinary tract infections B) pneumonia C) salmonellosis D) tetanus E) anthrax | back 34 A) urinary tract infections |
front 35 35) In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms? A) prodromal B) decline C) convalescence D) incubation E) both incubation and convalescence | back 35 E) both incubation and convalescence |
front 36 During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. 36) Situation 14.1 is an example of A) human reservoirs. B) a zoonosis. C) a nonliving reservoir. D) a vector. E) a focal infection. | back 36 B) a zoonosis. |
front 37 37) The etiologic agent of the disease in Situation 14.1 is A) sheep. B) soil. C) Coxiella burnetii. D) pneumonia. E) wind. | back 37 C) Coxiella burnetii. |
front 38 38) The method of transmission of the disease in Situation 14.1 was A) direct contact. B) droplet. C) indirect contact. D) vector-borne. E) vehicle. | back 38 E) vehicle. |
front 39 39) Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism? A) acid production by bacteria B) bacteriocin production C) bacteria occupying host receptors D) bacteria causing disease E) bacteria producing vitamin K | back 39 D) bacteria causing disease |
front 40 40) The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of A) symbiotic bacteria. B) antagonistic bacteria. C) parasitic bacteria. D) commensal bacteria. E) other fungi. | back 40 B) antagonistic bacteria. |
front 41 41) If a prodromal period exists for a certain disease, it should occur prior to A) incubation. B) illness. C) decline. D) convalescence. | back 41 B) illness. |
front 42 42) Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis? A) cat-scratch disease B) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome C) rabies D) tapeworm E) All of these are zoonoses. | back 42 E) All of these are zoonoses. |
front 43 43) Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a A) communicable disease. B) latent infection. C) nosocomial infection. D) sporadic disease. | back 43 C) nosocomial infection. |
front 44  44) Figure 14.3 The graph in Figure 14.3 shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n) A) endemic level. B) epidemic level. C) sporadic infection. D) communicable disease. E) pandemic. | back 44 B) epidemic level. |
front 45 45) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Antimicrobial therapy for hemodialysis-associated infections increases antibiotic resistance. B) S. aureus is differentiated from other mannitol+ cocci by the coagulase test. C) The M in MRSA stands for mannitol. D) The USA100 strain accounts for most hospital-acquired MRSA. E) The USA300 strain accounts for most community-acquired MRSA. | back 45 C) The M in MRSA stands for mannitol. |
front 46 1) For a particular disease at a specific time period, morbidity rates should always be equal or greater than mortality rates. | back 46 Answer: TRUE |
front 47 2) Testing the effectiveness of a new drug for anthrax would be best performed as an experimental study. | back 47 Answer: TRUE |
front 48 3) MMWR is a publication by the CDC that reports on only emerging diseases. | back 48 Answer: FALSE |
front 49 4) A researcher only needs to select a cohort group when implementing an analytical epidemiological study. | back 49 Answer: FALSE |
front 50 5) Diseases that are referred to as emerging infectious diseases have only been discovered in the past fifty years. | back 50 Answer: FALSE |
front 51 6) Compromised hosts are always suffering from suppressed immune systems. | back 51 Answer: FALSE |
front 52 7) A host is not considered diseased until an infection changes ones state of health. | back 52 Answer: TRUE |
front 53 8) Reservoirs of infections are always animate objects. | back 53 Answer: FALSE |
front 54 9) Urinary tract infections are the most common forms of nosocomial infections. | back 54 Answer: FALSE |
front 55 10) Both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens. | back 55 Answer: TRUE |
front 56 an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions | back 56 Disease |
front 57 analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health | back 57 Human Microbiome Project |
front 58 one organism benefits at the expense of the other | back 58 parasitism |
front 59 also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood | back 59 Septicima |
front 60 spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite | back 60 Indirect contact transmission: |
front 61 the study of disease | back 61 pathology |
front 62 the development of disease | back 62 pathogenesis |
front 63 invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens | back 63 Infection |
front 64 may be present for days, weeks, or months | back 64 transient microbiota |
front 65 a competition between microbes | back 65 Microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion) |
front 66 one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected | back 66 commensalism |
front 67 both organisms benefit | back 67 mutualism |
front 68 number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period | back 68 incedence |
front 69 number of people who develop a disease at a specified time,
regardless of when it first appeared | back 69 prevalence |
front 70 worldwide epidemic | back 70 pandemic disease |
front 71 symptoms develop slowly | back 71 chronic disease |
front 72 toxins in the blood | back 72 Toxemia |
front 73 interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms | back 73 Incubation period: |
front 74 disease is most severe | back 74 Period of illness: |
front 75 signs and symptoms subside | back 75 Period of decline: |
front 76 are diseases transmitted from animals to humans | back 76 animal reservoirs (zoonoses) |
front 77 an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns | back 77 Compromised host: |
front 78 number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period | back 78 Morbidity rate: |
front 79 number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time | back 79 Mortality rate: |
front 80 diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrence | back 80 Notifiable infectious diseases: |
front 81 Body returns to its predeceased state | back 81 period of convalescence |
front 82 The science that deals with when disease occurs and how they are transmitted is called? | back 82 Epidimeology |
front 83 A researcher has performed a prospective study on a disease to which specific kind of epidemiological study is this referring | back 83 Descriptive |
front 84 Pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces | back 84 biological transmission |
front 85 Symptoms develop rapidly, but the disease lasts only a short time | back 85 acute disease |
front 86 Permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions | back 86 Normal microbiota |
front 87 A disease that is spread from one host to another | back 87 Communicable disease |
front 88 Disease constantly present in a poulation | back 88 Endemic |
front 89 Disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time | back 89 Epidemic |
front 90 Changes in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease | back 90 Signs |
front 91 no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection) | back 91 Subclinical disease |
front 92 Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus infection. | back 92 Sepsis |
front 93 Viruses in the blood | back 93 Viremia |
front 94 A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany disease | back 94 Syndrome |
front 95 Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body | back 95 Local infection |
front 96 Number of people who develop disease during a particular time period | back 96 Incedence |
front 97 Requires close association between the infected and susceptible host | back 97 Direct contact transmission |
front 98 Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection | back 98 Secondary infection |
front 99 One organism benefits at the expense of the other | back 99 Parasatism |
front 100 May have inapparent infection or latent disease | back 100 Carriers (human reservoirs) |
front 101 The cause of disease | back 101 Etiology |
front 102 Is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host | back 102 Symbiosis |
front 103 Transmission by an inanimate reservoir; waterborne, food borne,airborn | back 103 Vehicle transmission |
front 104 the study of disease | back 104 Pathology |
front 105 Intermediate between acute and chronic | back 105 Subacute disease |
front 106 Soil and water | back 106 Non living reservoirs |
front 107 May be present for days weeks or months | back 107 Transient microbiota |
front 108 Short period after incubation; early mild symptoms | back 108 Prodromal perdiod |
front 109 An infection throughout the body | back 109 Systemic generalized |
front 110 Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens | back 110 infection |
front 111 Arthropods carry pathogens on its feet | back 111 Mechanical transmission |
front 112 Immunity in most of a population | back 112 herd immunity |