front 1 A researcher wants to find out whether increased hand washing causes a decreased number of illnesses among staff and children in child care. Which research design should the researcher use? | back 1 experimental |
front 2 A researcher wishes to investigate how students of different ages view their parents, so he has students in grades 6, 9, and 12 fill out questionnaires. This type of research is... | back 2 cross-sectional |
front 3 Experts find a strong relationship between reading test scores and math test scores. Students who are high on one tend to be high on the other. This correlation would be be represented by which of the filling correlation coefficients? | back 3 +0.60 |
front 4 If you want to investigate how a small number of ten0year-olds think and feel about divorce and you want to report the results in the children's own words, which of the following research approaches would you most likely use? | back 4 qualitative |
front 5 In Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the most influential processes tend to occur in the... | back 5 microsystem |
front 6 Calvin Murphy is on a swim team. When his parents take him to out-of-town swim meets, they try to visit the local museums and historical sites. This might affect his achievement because of... | back 6 Cultural capital |
front 7 A key risk factor for children is... | back 7 maternal depression |
front 8 Regarding starting school (kindergarten,) an environment is likely to believe that... | back 8 young children should start school even if readiness tests show lack of readiness because school causes children to learn |
front 9 According to Maslow's hierarchy, the root cause of misbehavior is... | back 9 unmet needs |
front 10 What is myelin? | back 10 a fatty substance that forms a sheath around axons |
front 11 Of the following, which part of the brain is most involved in control processes such as impulse control, emotion control, and long-term planning? | back 11 prefrontal cortex |
front 12 Which of the following is most true of brain development? | back 12 the brain changes as a result of experience |
front 13 In terms of movement, physical activity peaks at about what age? | back 13 7-9 years |
front 14 Exercise is linked with which of the following in the brain? | back 14 improved functioning and higher test scores |
front 15 Which of the following is true of low birth weight children? | back 15 they often experience cognitive problems such as low IQ and attention deficits |
front 16 Which of the following is true of breast feeding? | back 16 Breast milk is related to improved health and slightly higher intelligence |
front 17 Which of the following is true of undernutrition? | back 17 reduces achievement and intelligence |
front 18 A cause of nonorganic failure to thrive is... | back 18 low-quality parenting |
front 19 Of the following, the biggest differences between boys and girls occur in... | back 19 physical development |
front 20 Ideally, children should... | back 20 be able to wake up without an alarm |
front 21 Which of the following is the term for a substance taken by a pregnant mother that can harm the developing fetus? | back 21 teratogen |
front 22 One characteristic of behaviorism is an emphasis on ... | back 22 observable events |
front 23 Edward is severely beaten by his alcoholic father on several occasions. Before long, Edward begins to shake whenever his father approaches. In this situation, Edward's father is a(n)... | back 23 conditioned stimulus |
front 24 Teresa has a painful experience at the dentist's office, so her mother takes Teresa to a new dentist, one who takes great care to make her visits painless. Teresa is anxious at first, but after a few visits, Teresa gradually becomes less resistant about going to the new dentist. Teresa's chance in behavior can probably be best explained in terms of... | back 24 extinction |
front 25 Which of the following would be an operant conditioning explanation for why some children become aggressive? | back 25 When they ar aggressive, they tend to get their way. |
front 26 Negative reinforcement does which of the following? | back 26 Increases the probability of a behavior |
front 27 Of all the operant conditioning techniques and principles discusses in the text, which did Skinner (and others) recommend avoiding? | back 27 Punishment |
front 28 Mr. Johnson wants a hyperactive boy to be able to sit quietly for at least 15 minutes at a time. To do this, he begins praising the boy for sitting still for one minute, then for two minutes, then for four minutes, and so on. Mr. Johnson's strategy best reflects which of the following concepts? | back 28 Shaping |
front 29 Mr. Brillhart teaches from a script that is provided by a publisher. The script explains new information clearly, and then calls for student responses. Mr. Brillhart aims for a student success rate of 80% on initial learning. He is likely using which form of instruction? | back 29 direct instruction |
front 30 According to Piaget, for children to learn something they need which of the following? | back 30 to create their own understanding |
front 31 Object permanence refers to the belief that... | back 31 objects continue to exist even when out of sight |
front 32 Serafina can go beyond what she sees in the real world and can consider possibilities and scenarios that don't exist. She is likely in which of Piaget's stages? | back 32 formal operational |
front 33 Mr. Silas wants his students to understand properties of air, so he has them fly kites, press inverted glasses into water, release smelly gases in a warm room and a cold room, blow up balloons, and so forth. He follows his students' lead and asks lots of open-ended questions. His class could best be described as based on principles of... | back 33 constructivist teaching |
front 34 If a teacher is working with Sally in her zone of proximal development, it means... | back 34 the teacher is improving Sally's competence by giving assistance |
front 35 Which of the following is most likely to b a cultural tool? | back 35 Smart phone |
front 36 Bandura's classic study, in which children viewed filmed adults hit an inflatable punching doll, demonstrated that... | back 36 children imitate aggressive behaviors that they view |
front 37 Sally is reading her history textbook and realizes that she is using a poor strategy for remembering what she has read. What has been activated? | back 37 metacognition |
front 38 You give a three-year-old some cards depicting shapes (ex dogs and cookies) that are drawn in two colors (black and yellow). Ask the child to first sort by color. After sorting several cards, ask to switch tasks and sort by shape. This is best described as a test of what? | back 38 inhibitory control |
front 39 The textbook points out that ADHD is linked with which of the following? | back 39 the mother's use of tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy |
front 40 According to the book, what is one reason why medication is a controversial treatment for ADHD? | back 40 medications have negative side effects |
front 41 Which of the following is the LEAST advanced encoding method? | back 41 rehearsal |
front 42 Which of the following best illustrates a script? A child know that... | back 42 on school days, we get up, shower, eat breakfast, make lunch, and wait for the bus |
front 43 Which of the following is true of the effects of testing on memory? | back 43 testing can be more effective than re-reading or reviewing material |
front 44 Which of the following is the most effective memory strategy? | back 44 Elaborating by creating associations between what is being learned and what is already known |
front 45 Studies showing that six-month-olds gaze longer at a screen that shows dots that change in number than a screen that shows the same number of dots that change color suggest that... | back 45 number sense is a core domain |
front 46 The definition of intelligence which is widely used and accepted by most experts, emphasizes which of the following? | back 46 ability to reason, solve problems, and think abstractly |
front 47 When theorists talk about intelligence, some emphasize "g" which stands for... | back 47 general intelligence |
front 48 Which of the following is true of children with high intelligence? | back 48 they need less time to learn material |
front 49 The Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children, which we looked at in class, is widely used in schools. One strength of WISC is that... | back 49 gives both a verbal IQ and a performance IQs so children with language processing difficulties can still show their abilities |
front 50 An IQ score of 116 suggests which of the following about the student? | back 50 more intelligent than most other students |
front 51 Which of the following is most true about average gender differences in intelligence? | back 51 Boys tend to be superior in spatial ability |
front 52 The Flynn effect refers to which of the following? | back 52 an increase in measured intelligence in many countries of the world |
front 53 According to research on expert violinists, the primary cause of talent is... | back 53 time spent in deliberate practice |
front 54 Which of the following statements about the SES achievement gap is true? | back 54 the gap increases across the school years |
front 55 A key insight of attachment theory is that... | back 55 securely attached infants use their attachment figure as a base for exploration |
front 56 Attachment research suggests that most children would be particularly resistant about being left with a new babysitter when they are... | back 56 about one-year-old |
front 57 A one-year-old child largely ignores the fact that his mother has left him with a stranger and does not seem to care when his mother returns. What form of attachment is this? | back 57 insecure avoidant |
front 58 Children who display disorganized attachment are likely to have... | back 58 strange or bizarre behaviors |
front 59 A child views herself as unworthy of love and expects that adults will be unresponsive and uncaring. She has a negative... | back 59 internal working model |
front 60 Which of the following is the strongest predictor of teacher-student relationships? | back 60 attachment at home |
front 61 School bonding is primarily caused by which of the following? | back 61 close relationships with teachers and others at school |
front 62 Temperament traits which we can see even in young children include... | back 62 negative emotionality and behavioral inhibiion |
front 63 An infant's temperament is highly reactive to novelty and frustration. The parent is intrusive, coercive, and controlling. What is the likely outcome for the child? | back 63 angry and aggressive |
front 64 According to the text, how should teachers treat shy learners? | back 64 give the control over how quickly they engage in new situations |
front 65 Which way of measuring delay of gratification in preschoolers was used in the famous study by Walter Mischel? | back 65 offer one marshmallow immediately or two marshmallows if they wait 15 minutes |
front 66 Which tends to mature more quickly in the brain? | back 66 reward center |
front 67 Research on delay of gratification shows that delay during preschool was related to what later in life? | back 67 SAT scores and less drug use |
front 68 According to the text, the long-term goal of discipline encounters should be to... | back 68 instill values and foster self-control |
front 69 Boris anger his teacher by throwing spit wads at students in class and throwing spit wads so they stick to the ceiling. The teacher sighs and tells Boris that he is an embarrassment to his class and his family. The teacher sighs whenever she walks past Boris and asks if he is ready to do something nice for once. Which of the following forms of disciplines is the teacher using? | back 69 psychological control |
front 70 Which is the most common form of child abuse? | back 70 neglect |
front 71 Which of the following is a guideline for effective behavior modification? | back 71 Use shaping (reinforcing in small steps toward the target goal) |
front 72 Which of the following is a drawback of behavior modification? | back 72 does little to foster internalization of values or motiviation |
front 73 Which parenting-style is demanding of the child yet also warm and supportive? | back 73 authoritative |
front 74 Which of the following emotions typically develops last? | back 74 pride |
front 75 Eight-year-old Selena hates receiving socks as a birthday gift. Selena's grandmother gives her socks for her birthday. Selena smiles and says, "thank you." Selena is engaged in... | back 75 emotional dissemblance |
front 76 Which of the following is true of adolescent moodiness? | back 76 Most adolescents report being fairly happy most of the time |
front 77 To foster good emotion regulation in children, parents should who which of the following? | back 77 express both positive and negative emotions, but primarily positive |
front 78 When is depression most common? | back 78 15-to-17-years-old |
front 79 Sigrid is about the cross the street to join her mother when she notices her mother's horrified look. She stops, and a speeding card that she had not seen passes by. What has Sigrid displayed? | back 79 social referencing |
front 80 Which of the following techniques is most likely to help students who experience test anxiety? | back 80 avoid time limits during tests and quizzes |
front 81 Five-year-old Sonny has begun to understand what other people might be thinking; for example, Sonny thinks that his mother will think his fake rat is a real rat when she sees him pull it with a fishing line from under the rug. Sonny is developing... | back 81 theory of mind |
front 82 Theory of mind is important in schools because is influences students' ability to... | back 82 understand their teachers and fellow students |
front 83 According to Freud, psychological symptoms arise from... | back 83 unconscious or repressed memories |
front 84 Kohlberg's first two stages of moral development emphasize... | back 84 punishment and obedience to authority |
front 85 How should you respond to students' humor? | back 85 Respond positively as long as it is not insulting or disruptive |
front 86 Which of the following tends to increase cheating? | back 86 student perceptions that a teacher is unfair |
front 87 What is the relationship between moral behavior and moral judgement? | back 87 there is not a clear relationship between them |
front 88 Which of the following factors is most important for children's moral development? | back 88 authoritative parenting style |
front 89 Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of joint attention? | back 89 Sonya and her father look together at a fancy car across the street |
front 90 Which of the following is MOST common in children with autism? | back 90 abnormal social cognition |
front 91 What is prosocial behavior? | back 91 voluntary behavior that benefits others |
front 92 Pablo keeps pushing and poking Ben. The teacher asks Pablo to stop teasing Ben and to think about how sad it must make Ben feel. In this scenario, the teacher is using which of the following? | back 92 victim-centered induction |
front 93 Your colleague says that her 3rd grade students are always trying to feed the pets, pick up dropped papers, and share pencils. She finds their behavior frustrating. What advice do you have for her? | back 93 point out that these are important prosocial behaviors that she should encourage in her students |
front 94 Which of the following is true of conduct disorder? | back 94 It is more likely in boys than girls |
front 95 Instrumental aggression is likely to be observed when a child wants to... | back 95 obtain the last slice of pizza |
front 96 Twelve-year-old Delia refuses to let other girls join her group of friends. She ignores other girls and spreads rumors that they smell and have dirty underwear. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario? | back 96 social aggression |
front 97 Which of the following statements is true about age trends in average levels of aggression? | back 97 the most aggressive age group is preschoolers from about two to four years of age |
front 98 Which of the following is a protective factor for antisocial behavior? | back 98 religiosity |
front 99 Juan picks on his little brother, which causes his parents to yell at him. Lately they have to yell a lot to get his attention, and he yells back at them. When they punish him, he behaves for little while, but soon misbehaves. His parents punish him more. What is the label given to the form of family interaction? | back 99 coercive family cycle |
front 100 Theory of mind is important for the social information processing model because students must do which of the following? | back 100 figure out other people's intentions |
front 101 People often claim that girls are more socially aggressive than boys. What does the text say about this claim? | back 101 it is probably a stereotype; boys are socially aggressive as often as girls |
front 102 Two students, Nicolas and Pia, are fighting over a puzzle. Nicole gets frustrated and goes to read a book, while Pia goes to work on her math homework. Which of the following concepts is illustrated? | back 102 disengagement |
front 103 Which of the following is true about conflict-resolution programs? | back 103 research shows that some do reduce conflict |
front 104 Some children are popular but not well liked. What are they called by psychologists? | back 104 controversial |
front 105 A child's peer status is primarily a result of... | back 105 the way he reads other students |
front 106 Well-executed cooperative learning tends to... | back 106 promote good peer relations as students work together |
front 107 Nancy and Marta are friends. Both are authentic and like softball and volleyball. They like the same movies and dislike the same movies. Their friendship is most likely a result of which of the following? | back 107 homophily |
front 108 The influence of peer pressure... | back 108 depends on the peer network |
front 109 Children with imaginary friends tend to... | back 109 be imaginative |
front 110 Four children are playing together. They assign pretend roles of mommy, daddy, boss at work, and teacher. They take on the assigned roles and plan the meaning of the roles. They interact extensively. Thy are engaged in which of the following play type? | back 110 cooperative |
front 111 Which of the following is true of play? | back 111 It increases self-control and emotion regulation |
front 112 Countries that show higher achievement than the United States tend to have... | back 112 more recess than the United States |
front 113 Which of the following refers to the sounds of a language? | back 113 phonemes |
front 114 Which of the following is an example of child-directed speech, also called motherese? | back 114 An adult speaks to an infant using higher pitch than usual, with exaggerated ups and downs and slow tempo |
front 115 Fast mapping refers to the ability to learn new words... | back 115 through a single, or very minimal, exposure |
front 116 Utterances such as "we wented to the park"... | back 116 are examples of overregularization (to take irregular things and make them regular) |
front 117 Students who are bilingual tend to experience which of the following? | back 117 improved executive functions and theory of mind compared to monolingual students |
front 118 Which of the following is trust about the education of ELL students? | back 118 teach Standard English (SE) and syntax explicitly |
front 119 In order to build students' language ability, it is useful to... | back 119 use academic language |
front 120 Which of the following has NOT been found to promote phonological awareness? | back 120 having students work independently to figure out letter sounds |