A researcher wants to find out whether increased hand washing causes a decreased number of illnesses among staff and children in child care. Which research design should the researcher use?
experimental
A researcher wishes to investigate how students of different ages view their parents, so he has students in grades 6, 9, and 12 fill out questionnaires. This type of research is...
cross-sectional
Experts find a strong relationship between reading test scores and math test scores. Students who are high on one tend to be high on the other. This correlation would be be represented by which of the filling correlation coefficients?
+0.60
If you want to investigate how a small number of ten0year-olds think and feel about divorce and you want to report the results in the children's own words, which of the following research approaches would you most likely use?
qualitative
In Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the most influential processes tend to occur in the...
microsystem
Calvin Murphy is on a swim team. When his parents take him to out-of-town swim meets, they try to visit the local museums and historical sites. This might affect his achievement because of...
Cultural capital
A key risk factor for children is...
maternal depression
Regarding starting school (kindergarten,) an environment is likely to believe that...
young children should start school even if readiness tests show lack of readiness because school causes children to learn
According to Maslow's hierarchy, the root cause of misbehavior is...
unmet needs
What is myelin?
a fatty substance that forms a sheath around axons
Of the following, which part of the brain is most involved in control processes such as impulse control, emotion control, and long-term planning?
prefrontal cortex
Which of the following is most true of brain development?
the brain changes as a result of experience
In terms of movement, physical activity peaks at about what age?
7-9 years
Exercise is linked with which of the following in the brain?
improved functioning and higher test scores
Which of the following is true of low birth weight children?
they often experience cognitive problems such as low IQ and attention deficits
Which of the following is true of breast feeding?
Breast milk is related to improved health and slightly higher intelligence
Which of the following is true of undernutrition?
reduces achievement and intelligence
A cause of nonorganic failure to thrive is...
low-quality parenting
Of the following, the biggest differences between boys and girls occur in...
physical development
Ideally, children should...
be able to wake up without an alarm
Which of the following is the term for a substance taken by a pregnant mother that can harm the developing fetus?
teratogen
One characteristic of behaviorism is an emphasis on ...
observable events
Edward is severely beaten by his alcoholic father on several occasions. Before long, Edward begins to shake whenever his father approaches. In this situation, Edward's father is a(n)...
conditioned stimulus
Teresa has a painful experience at the dentist's office, so her mother takes Teresa to a new dentist, one who takes great care to make her visits painless. Teresa is anxious at first, but after a few visits, Teresa gradually becomes less resistant about going to the new dentist. Teresa's chance in behavior can probably be best explained in terms of...
extinction
Which of the following would be an operant conditioning explanation for why some children become aggressive?
When they ar aggressive, they tend to get their way.
Negative reinforcement does which of the following?
Increases the probability of a behavior
Of all the operant conditioning techniques and principles discusses in the text, which did Skinner (and others) recommend avoiding?
Punishment
Mr. Johnson wants a hyperactive boy to be able to sit quietly for at least 15 minutes at a time. To do this, he begins praising the boy for sitting still for one minute, then for two minutes, then for four minutes, and so on. Mr. Johnson's strategy best reflects which of the following concepts?
Shaping
Mr. Brillhart teaches from a script that is provided by a publisher. The script explains new information clearly, and then calls for student responses. Mr. Brillhart aims for a student success rate of 80% on initial learning. He is likely using which form of instruction?
direct instruction
According to Piaget, for children to learn something they need which of the following?
to create their own understanding
Object permanence refers to the belief that...
objects continue to exist even when out of sight
Serafina can go beyond what she sees in the real world and can consider possibilities and scenarios that don't exist. She is likely in which of Piaget's stages?
formal operational
Mr. Silas wants his students to understand properties of air, so he has them fly kites, press inverted glasses into water, release smelly gases in a warm room and a cold room, blow up balloons, and so forth. He follows his students' lead and asks lots of open-ended questions. His class could best be described as based on principles of...
constructivist teaching
If a teacher is working with Sally in her zone of proximal development, it means...
the teacher is improving Sally's competence by giving assistance
Which of the following is most likely to b a cultural tool?
Smart phone
Bandura's classic study, in which children viewed filmed adults hit an inflatable punching doll, demonstrated that...
children imitate aggressive behaviors that they view
Sally is reading her history textbook and realizes that she is using a poor strategy for remembering what she has read. What has been activated?
metacognition
You give a three-year-old some cards depicting shapes (ex dogs and cookies) that are drawn in two colors (black and yellow). Ask the child to first sort by color. After sorting several cards, ask to switch tasks and sort by shape. This is best described as a test of what?
inhibitory control
The textbook points out that ADHD is linked with which of the following?
the mother's use of tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy
According to the book, what is one reason why medication is a controversial treatment for ADHD?
medications have negative side effects
Which of the following is the LEAST advanced encoding method?
rehearsal
Which of the following best illustrates a script? A child know that...
on school days, we get up, shower, eat breakfast, make lunch, and wait for the bus
Which of the following is true of the effects of testing on memory?
testing can be more effective than re-reading or reviewing material
Which of the following is the most effective memory strategy?
Elaborating by creating associations between what is being learned and what is already known
Studies showing that six-month-olds gaze longer at a screen that shows dots that change in number than a screen that shows the same number of dots that change color suggest that...
number sense is a core domain
The definition of intelligence which is widely used and accepted by most experts, emphasizes which of the following?
ability to reason, solve problems, and think abstractly
When theorists talk about intelligence, some emphasize "g" which stands for...
general intelligence
Which of the following is true of children with high intelligence?
they need less time to learn material
The Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children, which we looked at in class, is widely used in schools. One strength of WISC is that...
gives both a verbal IQ and a performance IQs so children with language processing difficulties can still show their abilities
An IQ score of 116 suggests which of the following about the student?
more intelligent than most other students
Which of the following is most true about average gender differences in intelligence?
Boys tend to be superior in spatial ability
The Flynn effect refers to which of the following?
an increase in measured intelligence in many countries of the world
According to research on expert violinists, the primary cause of talent is...
time spent in deliberate practice
Which of the following statements about the SES achievement gap is true?
the gap increases across the school years
A key insight of attachment theory is that...
securely attached infants use their attachment figure as a base for exploration
Attachment research suggests that most children would be particularly resistant about being left with a new babysitter when they are...
about one-year-old
A one-year-old child largely ignores the fact that his mother has left him with a stranger and does not seem to care when his mother returns. What form of attachment is this?
insecure avoidant
Children who display disorganized attachment are likely to have...
strange or bizarre behaviors
A child views herself as unworthy of love and expects that adults will be unresponsive and uncaring. She has a negative...
internal working model
Which of the following is the strongest predictor of teacher-student relationships?
attachment at home
School bonding is primarily caused by which of the following?
close relationships with teachers and others at school
Temperament traits which we can see even in young children include...
negative emotionality and behavioral inhibiion
An infant's temperament is highly reactive to novelty and frustration. The parent is intrusive, coercive, and controlling. What is the likely outcome for the child?
angry and aggressive
According to the text, how should teachers treat shy learners?
give the control over how quickly they engage in new situations
Which way of measuring delay of gratification in preschoolers was used in the famous study by Walter Mischel?
offer one marshmallow immediately or two marshmallows if they wait 15 minutes
Which tends to mature more quickly in the brain?
reward center
Research on delay of gratification shows that delay during preschool was related to what later in life?
SAT scores and less drug use
According to the text, the long-term goal of discipline encounters should be to...
instill values and foster self-control
Boris anger his teacher by throwing spit wads at students in class and throwing spit wads so they stick to the ceiling. The teacher sighs and tells Boris that he is an embarrassment to his class and his family. The teacher sighs whenever she walks past Boris and asks if he is ready to do something nice for once. Which of the following forms of disciplines is the teacher using?
psychological control
Which is the most common form of child abuse?
neglect
Which of the following is a guideline for effective behavior modification?
Use shaping (reinforcing in small steps toward the target goal)
Which of the following is a drawback of behavior modification?
does little to foster internalization of values or motiviation
Which parenting-style is demanding of the child yet also warm and supportive?
authoritative
Which of the following emotions typically develops last?
pride
Eight-year-old Selena hates receiving socks as a birthday gift. Selena's grandmother gives her socks for her birthday. Selena smiles and says, "thank you." Selena is engaged in...
emotional dissemblance
Which of the following is true of adolescent moodiness?
Most adolescents report being fairly happy most of the time
To foster good emotion regulation in children, parents should who which of the following?
express both positive and negative emotions, but primarily positive
When is depression most common?
15-to-17-years-old
Sigrid is about the cross the street to join her mother when she notices her mother's horrified look. She stops, and a speeding card that she had not seen passes by. What has Sigrid displayed?
social referencing
Which of the following techniques is most likely to help students who experience test anxiety?
avoid time limits during tests and quizzes
Five-year-old Sonny has begun to understand what other people might be thinking; for example, Sonny thinks that his mother will think his fake rat is a real rat when she sees him pull it with a fishing line from under the rug. Sonny is developing...
theory of mind
Theory of mind is important in schools because is influences students' ability to...
understand their teachers and fellow students
According to Freud, psychological symptoms arise from...
unconscious or repressed memories
Kohlberg's first two stages of moral development emphasize...
punishment and obedience to authority
How should you respond to students' humor?
Respond positively as long as it is not insulting or disruptive
Which of the following tends to increase cheating?
student perceptions that a teacher is unfair
What is the relationship between moral behavior and moral judgement?
there is not a clear relationship between them
Which of the following factors is most important for children's moral development?
authoritative parenting style
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of joint attention?
Sonya and her father look together at a fancy car across the street
Which of the following is MOST common in children with autism?
abnormal social cognition
What is prosocial behavior?
voluntary behavior that benefits others
Pablo keeps pushing and poking Ben. The teacher asks Pablo to stop teasing Ben and to think about how sad it must make Ben feel. In this scenario, the teacher is using which of the following?
victim-centered induction
Your colleague says that her 3rd grade students are always trying to feed the pets, pick up dropped papers, and share pencils. She finds their behavior frustrating. What advice do you have for her?
point out that these are important prosocial behaviors that she should encourage in her students
Which of the following is true of conduct disorder?
It is more likely in boys than girls
Instrumental aggression is likely to be observed when a child wants to...
obtain the last slice of pizza
Twelve-year-old Delia refuses to let other girls join her group of friends. She ignores other girls and spreads rumors that they smell and have dirty underwear. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?
social aggression
Which of the following statements is true about age trends in average levels of aggression?
the most aggressive age group is preschoolers from about two to four years of age
Which of the following is a protective factor for antisocial behavior?
religiosity
Juan picks on his little brother, which causes his parents to yell at him. Lately they have to yell a lot to get his attention, and he yells back at them. When they punish him, he behaves for little while, but soon misbehaves. His parents punish him more. What is the label given to the form of family interaction?
coercive family cycle
Theory of mind is important for the social information processing model because students must do which of the following?
figure out other people's intentions
People often claim that girls are more socially aggressive than boys. What does the text say about this claim?
it is probably a stereotype; boys are socially aggressive as often as girls
Two students, Nicolas and Pia, are fighting over a puzzle. Nicole gets frustrated and goes to read a book, while Pia goes to work on her math homework. Which of the following concepts is illustrated?
disengagement
Which of the following is true about conflict-resolution programs?
research shows that some do reduce conflict
Some children are popular but not well liked. What are they called by psychologists?
controversial
A child's peer status is primarily a result of...
the way he reads other students
Well-executed cooperative learning tends to...
promote good peer relations as students work together
Nancy and Marta are friends. Both are authentic and like softball and volleyball. They like the same movies and dislike the same movies. Their friendship is most likely a result of which of the following?
homophily
The influence of peer pressure...
depends on the peer network
Children with imaginary friends tend to...
be imaginative
Four children are playing together. They assign pretend roles of mommy, daddy, boss at work, and teacher. They take on the assigned roles and plan the meaning of the roles. They interact extensively. Thy are engaged in which of the following play type?
cooperative
Which of the following is true of play?
It increases self-control and emotion regulation
Countries that show higher achievement than the United States tend to have...
more recess than the United States
Which of the following refers to the sounds of a language?
phonemes
Which of the following is an example of child-directed speech, also called motherese?
An adult speaks to an infant using higher pitch than usual, with exaggerated ups and downs and slow tempo
Fast mapping refers to the ability to learn new words...
through a single, or very minimal, exposure
Utterances such as "we wented to the park"...
are examples of overregularization (to take irregular things and make them regular)
Students who are bilingual tend to experience which of the following?
improved executive functions and theory of mind compared to monolingual students
Which of the following is trust about the education of ELL students?
teach Standard English (SE) and syntax explicitly
In order to build students' language ability, it is useful to...
use academic language
Which of the following has NOT been found to promote phonological awareness?
having students work independently to figure out letter sounds