Asexual reproduction has almost no ____

genetic variation

Unicellular organisms reproduce by

cell division

Unicellular Organisms use ______ for reproduction of ______ from_____

mitosis, same exact, beginning

multi=

many

Multicellular Organisms depend on cell division for what 3 things

1) development from a fertilize cell

2) Growth

3) Repair

Uni=

1

Multicellular organisms uses

mitosis

The cell division process is an _____ of the cell cycle

integral part

life of the cell from the time it's first formed from a _____ until its ____into ____ cells.

dividing parent cell, own division, 2

The cell division process cell _____ -> cell ______

created, divides

The life cycle of cell is the cell till it ______

dies off

Most cell division will produce genetically identical _______ cells

daughter

Meiosis exception:

_________ cells

nonidentical

Cells duplicate their genetic material regardless if ____ or _____

mitosis, meiosis

Before they divide, ensuring that each ____ cell receives an exact copy of the _____, ______

daughter, genetic material , DNA

"mitosis" is the type of cell division, keeping the # of chromosomes ______.

constant

In mitosis the normal human # of chromosomes are ____ and the normal # of pairs are ______

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

" Meiosis" is the type of cell division that reduces the # of chromosomes in ______

half

What happens before meiosis or mitosis?

Duplication of DNA

What is the similarity between chromatin vs. chromosomes

DNA with proteins are attached

What is the difference between chromatin vs. chromosomes

where they are in the cell cycle

Chromatin during cell cycle where cell is ______ dividing

NOT

Chromosomes where cell ____ dividing

is

What is all of the genetic material in a cell known as

genome

Genetic material on chromosomes make them ______

unique

Somatic cells are equal to the complete number of ____

chromosomes

Mitosis is responsible for

somatic cells

meiosis is responsible

gametes in humans

The DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into ______

chromosomes

What does human somatic cells entail

body cells except reproductive cells

Human somatic cells each contain ____ chromosomes

46

Human somatic cells each have 1 set inherited from each _____

parent

Reproductive cells or gametes are also known as

egg or sperm

Each reproductive cell or gametes contain ____ the # of chromosomes

half

Reproductive cells or gametes contain 1 set of _____ chromosomes

23

Is chromatin thin or thick

thin

Is chromosomes thin or thick

thick

Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of

chromatin

Chromatin is a complex of _____ DNA molecule, that carries _____ of genes on it.

1 long linear , hundreds

What does DNA code for

proteins and RNA molecules

Genes are units that ____ an organisms ____ traits

specify, inherited

______ proteins maintain the structure of the ______ and help control the activity of the _____

associated, chromosomes, genes

Right before replication, each chromosome will be the structure of a ______, _______

long, thin chromatin fiber

In preparation for cell division ____ is replicated and the chromosomes _____ they become ______, making them______

DNA, Condense/thicken, , coiled and folded , shorter

Each duplicated chromosome has ____ sister chromatids, which separate during _______

2, cell division

Each chromatid is __________to the other

genetically identical

The chromatids are held together in the "middle" by a ______ and ______

centromere, cohesins

What are cohesins

adhesive proteins

The centromere is a

thick protein

Eukaryotic cell division consists of what 3 things

mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis

What is the division of the nucleus known as

mitosis

What is the division of the cytosol known as

cytokinesis

In mitosis : the division of the nucleus to form ___, _______, daughter cells to each other and the parent cell

2, genetically identical

In meiosis what are produced

sex cells

In meiosis sex cells are produced only with

1 set of chromosomes

Where does meiosis occur

the gonads

What are the gonads

ovaries and testes

What are ovaries the production of

egg

What are testes the production of

sperm

_________, fuses ____, gametes together and restores the chromosome number to ___

fertilization, 2, 46

The cell cycle consists of what two phases

interphase and the mitotic phase

Mitosis in the cell cycle is the ______ part

shortest

mitosis in the cell cycle consists of what 2 things

mitosis and cytokinesis

Interphase accounts for _____% of time within the cell cycle

90

Interphase accounts for when the cell _____, and _____ to chromosomes

grows and copies

Interphase can be divided into

subphases

What are interphases 3 subphases called

G1, S, G2

The G1 phase is known as

the first gap

In the G1 phase, the cell _____ and produces ______ & _______

grows, proteins, organelles

The G1 phase goes through_______ processes

metabolic

Depending on the cell how many hours does the G1 phase take

5-6 hours

The S phase is known as

synthesis

The S phase is committed to ______

cell division

Why is the S phase committed to cell division

because DNA replication occurs

The S phase takes how many hours?

10-12 hours

The G2 phase is known as

the second gap

The G2 phase is where ____________ for cell division happens

complete preparation

In the G2 phase the cell enters the ______ stage

mitotic

The G2 phase takes how many hours

4-6 hours

How many hours does the mitotic phase take

1 hour

How many stages are there in mitosis

5

What are the 5 stages of mitosis

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What happens after the 5 stages of mitosis occurs

cytokinesis

In prophase ______ become ______

chromatin , chromosomes

In prophase _________ starts to fragment

the nuclear envelope

In prophase __________ start to appear

Centrosomes (Spindle fibers)-> mitotic spindle

In prophase 1 centrosome is located at ____ pole and the 1 other centrosome is located at _____ pole

north, south

In prophase with the 2 centrosomes located at north and south pole they extend 1 _____ to the next

centrosome

Asters come off of

centrosomes

Asters are also known as

microtubules

The aster on the north pole and the aster of the south pole attach to the ______

cell membrane

What is the purpose of the aster on the north pole and the aster of the south pole attaching to the cell membrane

to keep stability during the process

The kinetochore connects ________ to ______

sister chromatids, spindle fibers

In metaphase sister chromatids are found on their _____ spindle fiber

OWN

In metaphase the sister chromatids _________ at the very ________ of the cell

line up, middle

In metaphase the very middle of the cell is known as the

metaphase plate

Metaphase is the _____ stage

longest

Why is metaphase the longest stage

to make sure everything is correct

In anaphase ________ split

sister chromatids

Anaphase is the ______ stage

fastest

In anaphase chromatids ______ toward the oposite poles causing the cell to ____

pull apart, elongate

______ & _______ start at the same time in mitosis

telophase , cytokinesis

In telophase ____________ start to form

2 daughter nuclei

In telophase ______ arises with _______

nuclear envelope, ER

In telophase _______ become less condensed

chromosomes

microtubules are known to used in

the cytoskeleton

The mitotic spindle is an ________ of microtubules and associated ______

apparatus, proteins

The mitotic spindle controls __________ movement during mitosis

chromosome

The spindle arises from the

centrosomes

Centrosomes are ____________ that function throughout the cell cycle

nonmembraneous organelle

The centrosomes purpose is to ________ the cell's ______

organize, microtubule

The centrosomes include _________ &_____________

spindle microtubules, asters

In animals they contain a pair of _______ in the __________

centrioles, center

Centrioles complete function is ___

unknown

why are centrioles complete function unknown

since spindle fibers are still formed when absent such as in plants

Kinetochore microtubules attach to the ________ of chromosomes

kinetochores

The Kinetochore microtubules move the _______ to the __________

chromosome, metaphase plate

The kinetochore is a structure of ___________associated with _________of ____________ at the ___________

proteins, specific sections, chromosomal DNA, centromere

In anaphase sister chromatids separate by _______ splitting the ______ that hold the chromatid together

enzymes, cohesins

In anaphase sister chromatids separate by enzymes splitting the cohesins that hold the chromatid together is known as

separase

Separase move along the _______ toward the opposite ends of the cell

kinetochore microtubules

______ proteins bring in the _______ by the ________ mechanism

motor, microtubules, pac-man

The pac-man mechanism is where you are having motor proteins at the kinetochores _________ the microtubules in direction of the ________ causing the _____ to move to opposite poles

breaking down, centrosomes, chromatids

The nonkinetochore microtubules ______ and __________ each other causing the ________ of the cell

overlap, push against, elongation

In telophase genetically identical daughter nuclei form at _______ of the cell

opposite ends

In telophase the spindle _____

dissembles

In animal cells cytokinesis occurs by a process known as

cleavage

cleavage is the forming of a __________

cleavage furrow

In animal cells ________ and _________ contract creating the ________ until 2 _______ are formed

actin, myosin, cleavage furrow, daughter cells

In animal cells the 2 daughter cells are formed near the old _________

metaphase plate

In plant cells, during cytokinesis a _____ forms by ______ from the _____.

cell plate, vesicles, golgi app.

In plant cells, during cytokinesis a cell plates function is to carry to form a

material, cell wall

Prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce by a type of cell division called

binary fission

Prokaryotes DNA consists of a _____ molecule w/ associated _____

circular, proteins

In prokaryotes the______ chromosome begins to ______at ___ site

bacterial, replicate, A,

In prokaryotes the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a site called the origin of replication producing 2 origins

origin of replication

In prokaryotes when the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at a site ( the origin of replication) it produces _____

2 origins

In prokaryotes as replication continues, one ____moves to the ____ pole of the cell and the cell _____

origin, opposite, elongates

In prokaryotes when replications complete, the _____ moves ___ and a new _____ is _____

plasma membrane, inward, cell wall, deposited

In prokaryotes if it contains a cell wall replication is not complete until ________ are formed

2 new daughter cells

In binary fission the_____chromosome _____

bacterial, replicates

In binary fission the two ____ chromosomes actively move ____

daughter, apart

Concept 12.3: The cell cycle is regulated by a __________system

molecular control

The frequency of cell division varies with the

type of cell

Skin cells and RBC divide

often

nerve cells and muscle cells _____ divide

never

The cell cycle differences result from ______ at the_____ level

regulation, molecular

Molecules present in the ______ control the progression to ____ and ____ phase

cytoplasm, S, M

The Cell Cycle Control System is the______ events of the cell cycle

sequential

The events of the cell cycle are directed by a _________ system, w/ _____ like a ____ machine

distinct cell cycle control,triggers, washing

The clock has ________ checkpoints where the cell cycle ______ until a _____ signal is received

specific, stops, go-ahead

The checkpoints ensure_________ have occurred before continuing

crucial cellular processes

What are the three major checkpoints:

G1, G2, and M

G1 checkpoint is also known as the

restriction point

G1 checkpoint (restriction point) is the most _______

important

G1 checkpoint (restriction point) is most imp. because if it receives the go-ahead, it will finish cell division.
If not, it goes into G0 phase

go-ahead signal, cell division

In the G1 checkpoint (restriction point) if it does not receive a _______it goes into ____

go-ahead signal, G0 phase

The G0 phase is the ____ phase that __ cells and __ cells are in

non-dividing, nerve, muscle

In the G0 phase If a cell can______, it can be brought back into the ___ phase

divide, G1

Two types of regulatory protein molecules:

kinases and cyclins

Kinases are enzymes that ________ or _______ other _______ by ________ them

activate, inactivate, proteins, phosphorylating

Some kinases give the go-ahead signal @ ____ and ___ checkpoints

G1, G2

Many kinases are present in the _______ in an ______ form

growing cell, inactive

for a kinase to be actived, they need a ______ to _____ to it

cyclin, attach

Cyclin is a

protein

Cyclin occurs in

cyclically fluctuating concentration

When cyclin is attached its called ________ or ______

cyclin-dependent kinases, Cdks

Cdks rise and fall w/ changes in the ________ of its _______

concentration, cyclin partners

MPF is known as

maturation-promoting factor

MPF (maturation-promoting factor) is a _______that triggers a cell’s passage past the _____ checkpoint into the ____ phase

cyclin-Cdk complex, G2, M

At the G1 checkpoint, animal cells have @ least ______ that operate it

3 Cdk proteins

An example of an internal signal is

kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules sending a molecular signal that delays anaphase

Some external signals are

growth factors, density-dependent inhibition

growth factors are ____, _____ by certain cells that ______ other cells to _____

proteins, released, stimulate, divide

density-dependent inhibition, in which _____ cells stop _____

crowded, dividing

Most animal cells exhibit

anchorage dependence

Most animal cells exhibit anchorage dependence, meaning that they must be attached to a _____ in order to divide

substratum

Cancer cells do not respond normally to the

body’s control mechanisms

Cancer cells divide _______ and _______ other tissues

excessively, invade

Cancer cells don’t respond to __________ ,______or when growth factors are ____

density-dependent inhibition,anchorage dependence,depleted

Cancer cells may not need growth factors to ____ and _____

grow, divide

Cancer cells may make their_______

own growth factor

Cancer cells may convey a _______ signal without the presence of the ______

growth factor’s, growth factor

Cancer cells may have an abnormal ______

cell cycle control system

Cancer cells can be _______

immortal

Transformation is the process that converts a ____ cell to a ____ cell
Usually body will attack it but if it doesn’t or the cancerous cell can’t be destroyed, it will produce more and become a tumor

normal, cancer

Usually with the transformation process the body will ____ it

attack

Usually with the transformation process the body will attack it but if it doesn’t or the cancerous cell can’t be destroyed, it will _______ and become a _____

produce more , tumor

A Tumor: is a mass of _____ within ____

abnormal cells, normal tissue

If the abnormal cells stay in the original site, it is called a _____ tumor

benign

Tumors can be removed by ______

surgery

Malignant tumor is where it become ___ and___the function or______ organs

invasive, impairs, 1 or more

If a person has a malignant tumor they ____

have cancer

A tumor that is localized may be treated w/ ___

radiation

A tumor that is localized may be treated w/ radiation because the ____ in cancer cells once ____, _____ itself

DNA, damaged, can't repair

________ known to treat tumors

Chemotherapy

Side effects due to effect on ____ cells

normal

Malignant tumors invade _______ and can _______

surrounding tissues, metastasizes

Exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body where they may form______ tumors

secondary