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Chapter 20

front 1

The Pulmonary Circuit

back 1

Carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs

front 2

The Systemic Circuit

back 2

  • Carries blood to and from the body
  • Blood alternates between pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

front 3

Three Types of Blood Vessels

back 3

  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries

front 4

Arteries

back 4

Carry blood away from heart

front 5

Veins

back 5

Carry blood to heart

front 6

Capillaries

back 6

  • Networks between arteries and veins
  • Exchange materials between blood and tissues
  • Materials include dissolved gasses, nutrients, waste products

front 7

Four chambers of the heart

back 7

  • Right atrium
  • Right Ventricle
  • Left Atrium
  • Left Ventricle

front 8

Right Atrium

back 8

Collects blood from the systemic circuit

front 9

Right Ventricle

back 9

Pumps blood to pulmonary circuit

front 10

Left Atrium

back 10

Collects blood from pulmonary circuit

front 11

Left Ventricle

back 11

Pumps blood to systemic circuit

front 12

Coronary Sulcus

back 12

  • Divides atria and ventricles
  • Part of the external anatomy of the heart

front 13

Anterior Interventricular Sulcus and Posterior Interentricular Sulcus

back 13

  • Seperates left and right ventricles
  • Part of external anatomy of the heart
  • Contain blood vessels of cardiac muscle

front 14

External Characteristics of the Atria

back 14

  • Thin walled
  • Expandable outer auricle (atrial appendage)
  • Each has pectinate muscles (ridges) anteriorly
  • left and right separated by interatrial septum

front 15

External Characteristics of Ventricles

back 15

  • inferior, thick walls, lined with trabeculae carneae (muscle ridges)
  • left and right separated by interventricular septum
  • Left ventricle 3x thicker than right
  • Left has same volume as right
  • Left is round, right is crescent

front 16

Trabeculae Carneae

back 16

Line the ventricles and make the contraction of the heart as a whole.

front 17

Interatrial septum

back 17

Separates atria

front 18

Interventricular Septum

back 18

Seperates ventricles

front 19

Atrioventricular Valves

back 19

Between the atria and ventricles

front 20

Tricuspid Valve

back 20

  • Atrioventricular valve on between the right atria and the right ventricle
  • Has 3 cusps (flaps)

front 21

Bicuspid Valve

back 21

  • Atrioventricular valve between the left atria and left ventricle
  • Has 2 cusps (flaps)

front 22

Cusp Attachment

back 22

Attached to chordae tendineae from papillary muscles on ventricle wall

front 23

What prevents cusps from opening backward during ventricle contraction?

back 23

The contraction of papillary muscles

front 24

When ventricles are not contracting what happens to the cusps?

back 24

Cusps hang loose, allowing the ventricles to fill with blood

front 25

Semilunar Valves

back 25

  • Between ventricles and arteries
  • 3 cusps, no chordae tendineae or muscles
  • forced open by blood from ventricular contraction
  • snap closed to prevent backflow

front 26

What makes up the Heart Wall?

back 26

  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium

front 27

Epicardium

back 27

  • Outer Layer
  • Covers the heart
  • Visceral pericardium

front 28

Myocardium

back 28

  • Middle Layer
  • Muscular wall of the heart
  • Concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue
  • Atrial myocardium wraps around great vessels
  • Two divisions of ventricular myocardium

front 29

Endocardium

back 29

  • Inner Layer
  • Simple squamous epithelium

front 30

Valvular Heart Disease (VHD)

back 30

Valve function deteriorates to extent that heart cannot maintain adequate circulation

front 31

Heart Murmur

back 31

leaky valve

front 32

Mitral Valve Prolapse

back 32

  • Murmur of the left AV valve
  • Cusps don't close properly
  • Blood regurgitates back into left atrium

front 33

Congestive Heart Failure

back 33

  • Decreased pumping efficiency due to diseased valves or damaged muscle
  • Blood backs up
  • fluid leaks from vessels and collects in lungs and tissues

front 34

Cardiomyocytes

back 34

Heart muscle cells

front 35

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

back 35

  • Uses actin and myosin sliding filaments to contract
  • rich in mitochondria, resists fatigue but dependent on aerobic respiration
  • cells connected by intercalated discs

front 36

Intercalated discs

back 36

  • connect cells in Cardiac Muscle Tisse
  • consists of desmosomes and gap juntions
  • convey force of contraction
  • propagate action potentials

front 37

Foramen Ovale

back 37

  • Found in the fetal heart
  • 25% of blood bypasses the lungs directly to the left atrium
  • Closes at birth

front 38

Fossa Ovalis

back 38

Scar left after the foramen ovale closes at birth

front 39

Ductus arteriosus

back 39

  • Found in fetal heart
  • connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
  • 90% of blood bypasses lungs
  • Closes at birth

front 40

Ligamentum Arteriosum

back 40

Scar left after the Ductus arteriosus closes after virth

front 41

Blue Baby Syndrome

back 41

Failure of either the foramen ovale or the ductus arteriosus to close after birth. Causing poor oxygenation of blood.

front 42

Coronary Circulation

back 42

  • Blood supply to the heart
  • Supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart via coronary arteries or coronary veins

front 43

Coronary Arteries

back 43

  • Originate at base of ascending aorta
  • Branch to capillary beds for diffusion

front 44

Coronary Veins

back 44

Blood returns via cardiac veins that join to form coronary sinus whic empty into right atrium

front 45

Heart Beat

back 45

Single contraction of the heart

front 46

Automaticity

back 46

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically

front 47

Two types of cardiac muscle cells

back 47

  • Conducting system
  • Contractile Cells

front 48

Conducting System

back 48

  • Controls and coordinates heartbeat
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Conducting cells

front 49

Conducting Cells

back 49

  • AV bundle
  • Bundle Branches
  • Purkinje fibers

front 50

Purkinje Fibers

back 50

Connect nodes and myocardium, run down interventricular septum and around apex

front 51

Contractile Cells

back 51

Produce contractions that propel blood

front 52

SA node location

back 52

Right atrium wall near superior vena cava

front 53

AV node location

back 53

Inferior portion of interatrial septum above tricuspid valvle

front 54

Conduction through the heart

back 54

  1. SA node activity and atrial activation begin
  2. Stimulus spreads across the atrial surfaces and reaches the AV node
  3. There is a 100 msec delay at AV node then atrial contraction begins 150 msec
  4. The impulse travels along the interventricular septum within the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers, and via the moderator band, to the papilary muscles of the right ventricle. 176 msec
  5. The impulse is distributed by the Purkinje fibers and relayed throughout the ventricular myocardium. Atrial contraction is completed. Ventricular contraction begins 225 msec

front 55

P Wave

back 55

Atrial depolarization (contract)

front 56

QRS Wave

back 56

Ventricular depolarization (contract)

front 57

T Wave

back 57

Ventricular repolarization (relax)

front 58

The Cardiac Cycle

back 58

  • The period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next
  • Includes both contraction and relaxation

front 59

Two Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

back 59

  1. Systole
  2. Diastole

front 60

Phase of Cardiac Cycle

back 60

  • Atrial systole
  • Atrial diastole
  • Ventricular systole
  • Ventricular diastole

front 61

Ventricular Ejection

back 61

Ventricular pressure exceeds vessel pressure opening the semilunar valves and allows blood to leave the ventricle.

front 62

Stroke Volume

back 62

The amount of blood ejected is during ventricular ejection

SV= SYSTOLIC - DIASTOLIC

front 63

Cardiac Output

back 63

The volume pumped by left or right ventricle in one minute

CO= HR X SV