front 1 The majority of the food we ingest is ultimately used to synthesize _________? | back 1 ATP |
front 2 A(n) ______ nutrient is one that the body cannot synthesize rapidly enough to be useful? | back 2 Essential |
front 3 A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids and….? | back 3 Glycerol |
front 4 During glycolysis a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of? | back 4 Two Pyruvic |
front 5 Name 3 monosaccharide? | back 5
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front 6 Which nutrient provides energy for cells with modest energy demands and for skeletal muscle when energy demands are low? | back 6 Lipids |
front 7 Name a disaccharide? | back 7
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front 8 The function of the citric acid cycle is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to? | back 8 Deliver hydrogen atoms to coenzymes embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondrion |
front 9 Name two polysaccharide used for energy? | back 9
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front 10 Lipoproteins, containing triglycerides manufactured in the liver, are transported to peripheral tissues and are called? | back 10 VLDL |
front 11 Why gender affects MBR? | back 11 Men Have a higher BMR because they have more muscle therefore burn more calories |
front 12 The major metabolic function for most vitamins is that they assist enzymes by serving as _________? | back 12 Coenzymes |
front 13 What is the true function of molecular oxygen acquired by the lungs? | back 13
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front 14 The TCA cycle must turn ________ times to completely metabolize the pyruvic acid produced from one glucose molecule? | back 14 Twice |
front 15 Predict what would happen to ATP production if a virus pierced holes in the inner mitochondrial membrane? | back 15 ATP production would decrease because a hydrogen ion gradient could not be established. |
front 16 Which of the following processes may occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions:
| back 16 glycolysis |
front 17 Which of the following nutrient(s) can enter the Krebs cycle: glucose, amino acid, pyruvic acid? | back 17 Pyruvic Acid |
front 18 What happens to the carbon molecules in the pyruvic acid that goes through the TCA cycle? | back 18 They become carbon dioxide |
front 19 Why don’t the electrons carried by NADH in the cytosol generate as many ATP as the electrons carried by NADH in the mitochondrial matrix? | back 19 The cytosolic electrons must be shuttled to the matrix at a loss of energy. |
front 20 The transition step links glycolysis to the….? | back 20 TCA Cycle |
front 21 The process whereby excess glucose is stored in cells is called ______? | back 21
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front 22 Which is the healthiest ratio: high HDL: low LDL or high LDL: low HDL? | back 22
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front 23 The process of converting excess glucose to glycogen is called? | back 23 Glycogenesis |
front 24 _____________ happens in the cytoplasm, whereas ___________ happens in the mitochondrion? | back 24
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front 25 Excess glucose that is not used for immediate energy is converted to glycogen via a process called? | back 25 Glycogenesis |
front 26 ____________ is a product of glycolysis? | back 26
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front 27 Glucose molecules are combined to form glycogen in a process called? | back 27 Clycogenesis |
front 28 The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is the….? | back 28 Oxygen |
front 29 The function of the citric acid cycle is to remove ………….atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes? | back 29 Hydrogen |
front 30 Insulin promotes formation of glycogen by a process called? | back 30 Glycogenesis |
front 31 Glucose in excess of the body's immediate needs is usually converted to glycogen by the process of? | back 31 Glycogenesis |
front 32 Explain why beta-oxidation yield more energy than complete metabolism of glucose? | back 32 Glucose produces 36/38 ATPs. The removal of 2 carbons in a fatty acid chain produces an average of 17 ATP |
front 33 Pyruvic acid is the product of ____________? | back 33 Glucose |
front 34 Glucose in excess of the body's immediate needs is usually converted to? | back 34 Glycogen |
front 35 For a marathon runner, what benefit is there to eating a diet of 75% carbohydrates and reducing the workout for 3 to 4 days before competition? | back 35 Muscles will store a higher than normal levels of glycogen |
front 36 Minerals are organic or inorganic molecules/elements? | back 36 Inorganic |
front 37 Vitamins are organic or inorganic compounds? | back 37 Organic |
front 38 Beta-oxidation occurs in the? | back 38 Mitochondria |
front 39 Oxygen is the final electron acceptor during the …..? | back 39 Aerobic Respiration |
front 40 Why isn’t it sufficient to reduce only dietary fat intake to prevent new fatty deposits from forming in the body? | back 40 Acetyl CoA, an intermediate in glucose metabolism, is also the starting point for fatty acid synthesis |
front 41 The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called? | back 41 Metabolism |
front 42 Which of the following molecules is produced in the process of detoxifying harmful ammonia? | back 42
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front 43 Cells of the ______ system most require continuous glucose? | back 43 -Nervous System |
front 44 What is the primary process by which insulin is released after ingesting a meal? | back 44 Insulin is secreted in direct response to high blood glucose. |
front 45 Beta-oxidation requires, coenzyme A (CoA), FAD and ____? | back 45 NAD |
front 46 In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is metabolized releases net energy to form how many molecules of ATP? | back 46 2 ATP |
front 47 Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered “good”? | back 47
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front 48 In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another? | back 48 Coenzyme |
front 49 The basal metabolic rate can most effectively be defined as the __________? | back 49 Amount of energy needed to maintain life |
front 50 The general term used to describe the anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell is? | back 50
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front 51 Which of the following nutrient used almost exclusively for ATP production: amino acid, fatty acid, glucose? | back 51 Glucose |
front 52 Which of the following nutrient form enzyme and some hormones: amino acid, fatty acid, glucose? | back 52 Amino acids |
front 53 Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic or anaerobic respiration? | back 53 aerobic |
front 54 Pyruvate can be metabolized along two major routes. They are? | back 54 Oxidation and Reduction |
front 55 Beta-oxidation requires, NAD, FAD and ____? | back 55 Coenzyme A |
front 56 Name two essential fatty acids? | back 56
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front 57 Which of the following is a lipid that is not used for energy: Triglyceride, Fatty acid, Cholesterol, Saturated fat? | back 57 Cholesterol |
front 58 What is lipogenesis? | back 58 process by which acetyl-CoA is converted to fatty acids. |
front 59 Lipogenesis generally begins with? | back 59 Acetyle-CoA |
front 60 The primary function of cellular respiration is to? | back 60 break down food molecules and generate ATP |
front 61 The end product of glycolysis is? | back 61
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front 62 Lipoproteins, carrying mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from the liver to the peripheral tissues are called? | back 62 LDL |
front 63 Which lipids are routinely used for energy? | back 63 Triglycerides |
front 64 Lipid is synthesized from Acetyl CoA via…….process? | back 64 lipogenesis |
front 65 Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol to the liver for degradation? | back 65 HDL |
front 66 The TCA cycle begins with the formation of a molecule of? | back 66 Citric Acid |
front 67 In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to a_____? | back 67 organic acid (non-amino acid molecule) |
front 68 A triglyceride consists of? | back 68 Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids |
front 69 What is the primary role of the TCA cycle in the production of ATP? | back 69 transfer electrons from substrates to coenzymes |
front 70 The process of deamination produces? | back 70 Ammonia |
front 71 Which is the healthiest ratio? high chylomicron: low LDL or high HDL: low LDL or high LDL: low chylomicron? | back 71 High HDL: Low LDL |
front 72 A triglyceride consists of glycerol and ….? | back 72 3 fatty acids |
front 73 The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during which processes of metabolism? | back 73 The Citric Acid Cycle |
front 74 During lipolysis triglycerides are broken down into _______ and _________? | back 74
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front 75 Urea is formed in the? | back 75 Liver |
front 76 Ammonia is byproduct of -------metabolism? | back 76 Protein |
front 77 Water is produced during which processes of metabolism? | back 77 Electron transport |
front 78 What is the electron transport system’s role in the generation of ATP? | back 78 Creates a concentration gradient across the mitochondria which leads to production of ATP |
front 79 The most abundant nitrogenous waste in blood is urea, which is produced by the combination of ammonia with …..? | back 79 CO2 |
front 80 Lipoproteins, carrying mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver, are called? | back 80 High Density Lipoportiens |
front 81 Beta-oxidation requires coenzyme A, NAD, and ____? | back 81 FAD |
front 82 How does a decrease in the level of cytoplasmic NAD affect ATP production in mitochondria? Why? | back 82 Means that you don't need much ATP MEANING you don't need energy. Less glycolysis more fat |
front 83 NADH produced by glycolysis in skeletal muscle fibers leads to production of two ATP molecules in mitochondria, but NADH produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle cells leads to production of three ATP molecules. Why? | back 83 Different intermediaries |
front 84 Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid are examples of ______ fatty acids? | back 84 Essential Fatty acids |
front 85 Ammonia is a toxic substance that is converted to……by the liver? | back 85 Urea |
front 86 Why is oxidative phosphorylation the most important mechanism for generating ATP? | back 86 It requires less energy than other mechanisms |
front 87 Why are proteins an impractical source of quick energy, a “last ditch” source of energy? | back 87 Proteins are more difficult to break apart than are carbohydrates or lipids; NH4, a byproduct of protein catabolism, is toxic; Protein catabolism threatens homeostasis. |
front 88 Why does a diet that is deficient in pyridoxine (vitamin B6) affect protein metabolism? | back 88 an important coenzyme in deaminating and transaminating amino acids in cells, would interfere with the body's ability to metbolize proteins. |
front 89 Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered beneficial? | back 89 Because they remove excess cholesterol from cells |
front 90 Beta-oxidation is the process that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments that can be metabolized by the? | back 90 TCA cycle |
front 91 The most abundant nitrogenous waste in blood is urea, which is produced by the combination of ammonia with …..? | back 91 CO2 |
front 92 Why are LDLs considered “bad cholesterol”? | back 92 Because they send the cholesterol to the cells without regulation and The excess cholesterol that is not used by the cell diffuses out of the cell and enters bloodstream |
front 93 The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called? | back 93 Metabolism |
front 94 Why cells synthesize new organic components? | back 94
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front 95 List macronutrients and their subunits?
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front 96 Lipoproteins, containing triglycerides manufactured in the liver, are transported to peripheral tissues and are called? | back 96 VLDL |
front 97 Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for? | back 97 Energy |
front 98 beta-oxidation is the process that breaks down fatty acids into ________fragments that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle? | back 98 2 carbons |
front 99 Cells must synthesize new organic compounds to? | back 99
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