front 1 The enterohepatic circulation reabsorbs bile salts in the distal portion of the small intestine (ileum). All of the following about enterohepatic circulation are true except one. | back 1 A. Reabsorbing bile salt in the ileum gives more time to emulsify B. The reabsorption of bile salts allows them to be reused within new bile C. all components of bile are recycled by this circulation |
front 2 Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion? | back 2 Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions performed within the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the GI tract |
front 3 Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion or absorption of nutrients? | back 3 esophagus |
front 4 Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption? | back 4 Stomach |
front 5 Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of MALT at the distal end of the small intestine? | back 5 The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the bloodstream |
front 6 Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. The role of bile salts is best described as ___ | back 6 lipid emulsification |
front 7 A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gallbladder removed would likely advise ___ | back 7 eating foods that are low in fat |
front 8 All but one of the following is a function of low pH found in the stomach. Select the one that does not reflect a role of stomach acid | back 8 the stomach's acid catabolically breaks down food stuffs in preparation for absorption |
front 9 Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of epithelial cells ____ | back 9 occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane |
front 10 Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms | back 10 The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract |
front 11 Select the description that illustrates a difference between a sphincter and circular muscle | back 11 a sphincter is a thickening of circular muscle that can prevent movement of digesting materials while circular muscle is involved in propulsion digesting material |
front 12 In the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that ___ | back 12 long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by the outside of the GI tract |
front 13 Know: Alkaline tide | back 13 when parietal cells are appropriately stimulated, H+ is actively pumped into stomach lumen by H + -K+ ATPases (proton pumps). As acid is pumped into the stomach, base HCO3 - is exported into the blood. this flow of base is called the alkaline tide |
front 14 The sight of food can trigger a series of events that results in the release of gastric juice. All but one of the following is true in regards to #12. | back 14 The motor nerves of this pathways are part of the the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
front 15 All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. | back 15 The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea. |
front 16 Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. these drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following? | back 16 Parietal |
front 17 Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ___ | back 17 Slows the activities of the stomach |
front 18 Know: Hepatopancreatic sphincter | back 18 no data |
front 19 Small intestine is ___ | back 19 a major organ of digestion and absorption |
front 20 Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ___ | back 20 increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile |
front 21 Know: Peyer's patches | back 21 no data |
front 22 Select the one response below that would not result from a drug that blocks histamine receptors in the cells lining the stomach | back 22 A. it would lower the activity of parietal cells B. would reduce symptoms of heartburn C. it would cause the release of secretin and cholecystokinin D. would raise pH |
front 23 Proteins entering the stomach act as a buffer raising pH. Rising pH stimulates the activity of G-cells in the lining of the stomach. all of the following but one will occur. | back 23 A. More stomach acid will be produced and secreted B. Digestive enzymes will be released C. Protein digestion will be enhanced D. A positive feedback response will be initiated and G-cell activity will continue to go up |
front 24 Know : Teneae coli, haustra, epiploicc appendages | back 24 no data |
front 25 The mechanical and chemical receptors that control the digestive activity are located ___ | back 25 in the walls of the tract organ |
front 26 The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to | back 26 collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver |
front 27 the chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ___ | back 27 digestion |
front 28 When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ___ | back 28 chemical digestion |
front 29 The sheets or peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ___ | back 29 mesenteries |
front 30 From the esophagus to the anal canal, the wall of every organ are made up of the same 4 basic layers. arrange them in order from the lumen | back 30 mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
front 31 Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? | back 31 A. thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus B. tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells C. replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells D. secretion fo pepsinogen |
front 32 What part of the tooth bears the force and resists the friction of chewing? | back 32 enamel |
front 33 The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ____ | back 33 Lamina propria |
front 34 Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. | back 34 A. Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion B. Bile functions to emulsify fats C. Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown to worn-out RBCs D. Bile contains enzymes for digestion |
front 35 The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ____ | back 35 Glucose |
front 36 Which of the choices below is NOT a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? | back 36 A. ATP production B. Lipogenesis C. Amino Acid synthesis D. Direct conversion to a nucleic acid E. Glycogenesis |
front 37 Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body? | back 37 Protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation |
front 38 Cholesterol, though is NOT an energy molecule, has importance because it ___ | back 38 is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones |
front 39 Which of the following best describes a complete protein? | back 39 Must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth |
front 40 The term metabolism is best defined as ___ | back 40 the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body |
front 41 Anabolism includes reactions in which _____ | back 41 larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones |
front 42 The primary function of cellular respiration is to ___ | back 42 break down food molecules and generate ATP |
front 43 lipogenesis | back 43 synthesis of lipid from glucose or amino acids |
front 44 Lipolysis | back 44 splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids |
front 45 beta oxidation | back 45 conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups |
front 46 ketogenesis | back 46 formation of ketone bodies |
front 47 The term basal metabolic rate reflects the _____ | back 47 energy need |
front 48 When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ___ | back 48 urea |
front 49 Gluconeogenesis | back 49 formation of glucose from proteins or fats |
front 50 Glycogenolysis | back 50 break down of glycogen to release glucose |
front 51 Glycogenesis | back 51 storage of glucose in the form of glycogen |
front 52 Glycolysis | back 52 break down of glucose to pyruvate |
front 53 Lipogenesis occurs when ___ | back 53 cellular ATP and glucose levels are high |
front 54 It is important to be ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ___ | back 54 most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help he body utilize essential nutrients |
front 55 Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ___ | back 55 period when the metabolic rate is lowest |
front 56 Which of the following is normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? | back 56 release of epinephrine |
front 57 Conduction | back 57 heat transfer into the chair you are sitting on |
front 58 Convection | back 58 Heat exchange when you are under a ceiling fan |
front 59 Radiation | back 59 heat loss in the form of infrared waves |
front 60 Evaporation | back 60 heat loss during sweating |
front 61 Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration/ | back 61 oxidative phosphorylation |
front 62 What is the outcome of ketosis? | back 62 metabolic acidosis |
front 63 Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria? | back 63 a great deal of active transport takes places in the PCT |
front 64 Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? | back 64 macula densa |
front 65 What is the most direct functin of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | back 65 help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidney |
front 66 Select the correct statement about urinary system development | back 66 kidneys develop from the urogenital ridges |
front 67 In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ___ | back 67 thick segment moves ions ions out into the interstitial space for reabsorption |
front 68 Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise pH? | back 68 by secreting sodium ions |
front 69 Excretion of dilute urine requires ___ | back 69 impermeability of the collecting tubule to water |
front 70 Which of the choices is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? | back 70 electrolyte levels |
front 71 If one says the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? | back 71 normally the reabsorption |
front 72 GFR *********** | back 72 no data |
front 73 The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ___ | back 73 glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
front 74 Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? | back 74 angiotensin II and aldosterone |
front 75 Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? | back 75 ADH |
front 76 What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? | back 76 Net filtration would decrease |
front 77 Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? | back 77 kidney function decrease due to kidney atrophy |
front 78 Which of the choices below is function of the nephron loop? | back 78 form a large volume of very dilute urine or small volume of very concentrated urine |
front 79 C = UV/P | back 79 no data |
front 80 Which of the following is the correct sequence of the sequence of kidney development in the embryo? | back 80 pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros |
front 81 Which of the followin is not true regarding tubular reabsorption? | back 81 it is a purely passive transport process |
front 82 Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ___ | back 82 secondary active transport |
front 83 Which of the following hormone is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentration in extracellular fluid? | back 83 aldosterone |
front 84 Respiratory acidosis can occur when ___ | back 84 a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction |
front 85 Which of the following not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex? | back 85 podocyte cells |